Formal waste treatment facilities as a source of halogenated flame retardants and organophosphate esters to the environment: A critical review with particular focus on outdoor air and soil

Ma, Yulong; Stubbings, William A.; Abdallah, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa; Cline‐Cole, Reginald; Harrad, Stuart

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150747

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…The riverine pathway integrates various land sources, such as industrial release, effluents of wastewater treatment plants, and sewage and leakages of landfills . Besides, there are a few land-based sources, such as volatilization from consumer products and e-waste to the atmosphere and rivers, especially in the coastal areas of the east and southeast of China, Vietnam, and Southeast Asia. , The land-based emissions of OPEs can be transported to the offshore areas via riverine discharge, atmospheric deposition, and precipitation …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organophosphate Esters in Air and Seawater of the South China Sea: Spatial Distribution, Transport, and Air–Sea Exchange

Xie

Zhang

et al. 2023

Environ. Health

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Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have become one group of chemicals with emerging concern in the marine environment. In this work, we investigated OPEs in the air and seawater of the South China Sea in summer 2019. The concentrations of ∑10OPEs in the atmosphere ranged from 66 to 550 pg/m3, with TCIPP, TNBP, TPhP, and TEP predominating in the air. The total dissolved OPE concentrations (∑10OPEs without TEP) measured in high-volume water samples ranged from 300 to 3600 pg/L, with a mean concentration of 1180 ± 910 pg/L. TEP was measured with liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), and it showed the highest concentration (average 2000 ± 1450 pg/L) among the selected OPEs. Total suspended matter associated OPEs accounted for less than 4.7% of the sum of OPE concentrations in seawater. Fugacity fractions and air–sea exchange fluxes showed that TCEP, TCIPP, TIBP, TEHP, TPhP, and EHDPP were favored to volatilize, TEP dominated the deposition, while TPrP and TNBP varied between volatilization and deposition. Atmospheric particle deposition fluxes ranged from 5 to 71 ng/m2/day with an average of 17 ± 15 ng/m2/day. The input of ∑OPEs to the entire South China Sea via atmospheric particle deposition was estimated to be 22 ± 19 tons/year, while the net air–sea exchange fluxes of OPEs were volatilization from seawater to air with an average of 44 ± 33 tons/year. This work suggests that air–sea exchange and atmospheric particle deposition are significant processes interfering with the transport of OPEs in the marine environment.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organophosphate Esters in Air and Seawater of the South China Sea: Spatial Distribution, Transport, and Air–Sea Exchange

Xie

Zhang

et al. 2023

Environ. Health

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“…Halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) have been extensively used in commercial products, such as electronic and electrical goods, textiles and fabrics, foam for furnishings, and building insulation materials, to help meet fire safety regulations. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) are two classes of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) which have been widely produced, with their global historical production volumes estimated to reach 1,900,000 and 600,000 tonnes, respectively. , Owing to their extensive use, PBDEs and HBCDD have become ubiquitous in the environment, in biota, and in humans. − Because of concerns about their adverse impacts on environmental and ecological safety and human health, − combined with their persistence in the environment and capacity for bioaccumulation, − restrictions on their production and use were introduced. In the US, commercial penta- and octa-BDE mixtures were banned by 2006, with deca-BDE restricted in 2008, and these commercial mixtures were also listed under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in 2004 and 2019, respectively, resulting in a global phase-out of PBDEs .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the US, commercial penta- and octa-BDE mixtures were banned by 2006, with deca-BDE restricted in 2008, and these commercial mixtures were also listed under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in 2004 and 2019, respectively, resulting in a global phase-out of PBDEs . In the meantime, the global phase-out of these legacy BFRs generated an increased demand for alternative products such as novel BFRs (NBFRs) . Dechlorane plus (DP) was also introduced as a possible replacement for deca-BDE, resulting in a rise in global demand for DP .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-Economic Factors Impact US Dietary Exposure to Halogenated Flame Retardants

Romanak

Capozzi

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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Although diet is an important route of exposure for brominated flame retardants (BFRs), little is known of their presence in US food. Therefore, we purchased meat, fish, and dairy product samples (n = 72) in Bloomington, IN, from 3 stores representing national retail chains at different price levels. Composite samples (n = 42) were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), novel BFRs (NBFRs), and dechlorane plus (DP). Concentrations of total halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) ranged between 54 and 1,400 pg/g ww, with PBDEs being the predominant compounds. Concentrations of NBFRs, but not PBDEs, in US food items were significantly impacted by price, raising the issue of environmental justice. Nonorganic food generally had a higher abundance of BDE-209 than organic food items. Estimates of dietary exposure revealed that meat and cheese consumption contribute most to the overall HFR intake and that intakes are highest for children and for non-Hispanic Asians. Taking into account several caveats and limitations of this study, these results as a whole suggest that health burdens from dietary exposure to HFRs have become minimal for US citizens, highlighting the positive impact of regulatory efforts.

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“…However, humans’ exposure to BFR, through inhalation, ingestion or even dermal contact has a negative impact on their health. As a result, taking into account that BFRs are toxic substances, the handling of brominated plastics demands particular attention in order to prevent environmental pollution [ 6 , 7 ]. Chaine et al [ 8 ] recently reviewed the environmental and human health challenges associated with BFRs during the recycling of plastics from WEEE.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of Bromine from Polymer Blends with a Composition Simulating That Found in Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment through a Facile and Environmentally Friendly Method

2023

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The increasing volume of plastics from waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) nowadays is of major concern since the various toxic compounds that are formed during their handling enhance the difficulties in recycling them. To overcome these problems, this work examines solvent extraction as a pretreatment method, prior to thermochemical recycling by pyrolysis. The aim is to remove bromine from some polymeric blends, with a composition that simulates WEEE, in the presence of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Various solvents—isopropanol, ethanol and butanol—as well as several extraction times, were investigated in order to find the optimal choice. Before and after the pretreatment, blends were analysed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to estimate the total bromine content. Blends were pyrolyzed before and after the soxhlet extraction in order to evaluate the derived products. FTIR measurements of the polymeric blends before and after the soxhlet extraction showed that their structure was maintained. From the results obtained, it was indicated that the reduction of bromine was achieved in all cases tested and it was ~34% for blend I and ~46% and 42% for blend II when applying a 6 h soxhlet with isopropanol and ethanol, respectively. When using butanol bromine was completely eliminated, since the reduction reached almost 100%. The latter finding is of great importance, since the complete removal of bromine enables the recycling of pure plastics. Therefore, the main contribution of this work to the advancement of knowledge lies in the use of a solvent (i.e., butanol) which is environmentally friendly and with a high dissolving capacity in brominated compounds, which can be used in a pretreatment stage of plastic wastes before it is recycled by pyrolysis.

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Formal waste treatment facilities as a source of halogenated flame retardants and organophosphate esters to the environment: A critical review with particular focus on outdoor air and soil

Cited by 23 publications

References 111 publications

Organophosphate Esters in Air and Seawater of the South China Sea: Spatial Distribution, Transport, and Air–Sea Exchange

Organophosphate Esters in Air and Seawater of the South China Sea: Spatial Distribution, Transport, and Air–Sea Exchange

Socio-Economic Factors Impact US Dietary Exposure to Halogenated Flame Retardants

Removal of Bromine from Polymer Blends with a Composition Simulating That Found in Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment through a Facile and Environmentally Friendly Method

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