Forgotten memory storage and retrieval in Drosophila

Abstract

Inaccessibility of stored memory in ensemble cells through the forgetting process causes animals to be unable to respond to natural recalling cues. While accumulating evidence has demonstrated that reactivating memory-stored cells can switch cells from an inaccessible state to an accessible form and lead to recall of previously learned information, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain elusive. The current study used Drosophila as a model to demonstrate that the memory of one-trial aversive olfactory conditioning, although inaccessible within a few hours after learning, is stored in KCαβ and retrievable after mild retraining. One-trial aversive conditioning triggers protein synthesis to form a long-lasting cellular memory trace, approximately 20 days, via creb in KCαβ, and a transient cellular memory trace, approximately one day, via orb in MBON-α3. PPL1-α3 negatively regulates forgotten one-trial conditioning memory retrieval. The current study demonstrated that KCαβ, PPL1-α3, and MBON-α3 collaboratively regulate the formation of forgotten one-cycle aversive conditioning memory formation and retrieval.

Similarity-based retroactive interference in semantic and procedural long-term memories in human participants in real-life situations

“…The retrieval failure theory was developed by Ender Turing in 1974 and asserts that forgetting of information occurs when people fail to retrieve information from their memory (there is a lack of the accessibility to the memory), while the information stored as long-term memory is not lost (there is still the availability of the memory) 11,43,44 . A main reason for memory retrieval failure is the lack of retrieval cues, which renders one unable to access the information at the given moment 45 .…”