Forgiveness as a mechanism of repair following military-related moral injury.

Griffin, Brandon J.; Cornish, Marilyn A.; Maguen, Shira; Worthington, Everett L.

doi:10.1037/0000204-005

Cited by 29 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In addition to organizational changes, PSP may benefit from learning specific skills to navigate exposure to PMIEs and mitigate moral suffering. In parallel with the existing research, participants indicated that they were able to ease their moral suffering by: increasing their emotional intelligence; engaging in mental health education; acknowledging their grief [55]; re-finding meaning and purpose [56]; engaging in compassion and forgiveness practices [57,58]; identifying personal values [59,60]; and seeking social support [61]. The importance of these integrative practices may be that participants did not seek to "solve" or mitigate the external moral stressors or suffering, but to build an internal capacity and competence to accept, manage, and rectify moral suffering.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Meat in a Seat: A Grounded Theory Study Exploring Moral Injury in Canadian Public Safety Communicators, Firefighters, and Paramedics

Smith-MacDonald

Lentz

Malloy

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The work of public safety personnel (PSP) is inherently moral; however, the ability of PSP to do what is good and right can be impeded and frustrated, leading to moral suffering. Left unresolved, moral suffering may develop into moral injury (MI) and potential psychological harm. The current study was designed to examine if MI is relevant to frontline public safety communicators, firefighters, and paramedics. Semi-structured interviews (n = 3) and focus groups (n = 3) were conducted with 19 participants (public safety communicators (n = 2); paramedics (n = 7); and firefighters (n = 10)). Interviews and focus groups were audio-recorded, transcribed, coded, and constantly compared in accordance with the grounded theory method. A conceptual theory of “frustrating moral expectations” emerged, with participants identifying three interrelated properties as being potentially morally injurious: chronic societal problems, impaired systems, and organizational quagmires. Participants navigated their moral frustrations through both integrative and disintegrative pathways, resulting in either needing to escape their moral suffering or transforming ontologically. The current study results support MI as a relevant concept for frontline PSP. Given the seriousness of PSP leaving their profession or committing suicide to escape moral suffering, the importance of the impact of MI on PSP and public safety organizations cannot be ignored or underestimated. Understanding the similarities and differences of morally injurious exposures of frontline PSP may be critical for determining mental health and resilience strategies that effectively protect PSP.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Meat in a Seat: A Grounded Theory Study Exploring Moral Injury in Canadian Public Safety Communicators, Firefighters, and Paramedics

Smith-MacDonald

Lentz

Malloy

et al. 2021

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…While constructs such as self-compassion and selfforgiveness are seen as a key component of recovery and healing following exposure to PMIEs, difficulties in forgiving oneself may elicit the generalized and prolonged distress that characterizes moral injury (Griffin et al, 2021). Thus, HCSWs who condemn themselves for their actions during the COVID period may appraise themselves as blameworthy, might experience self-blame and self-harming behaviours.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moral injury and mental health outcomes among Israeli health and social care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a latent class analysis approach

Zerach

Levi‐Belz

2021

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background:The COVID-19 pandemic poses unique challenges to health and social care workers (HSCWs) who face morally challenging and life-threatening decisions. Following exposure to events that transgress moral beliefs and expectations, HSCWs might experience psychological, social, and spiritual problems referred to as Moral Injury (MI). Objective: The objectives of this study were to examine patterns of exposure to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) among HSCWs and their associations with MI, mental health outcomes and psychological correlates. Method: A sample of 296 Israeli HSCWs volunteered to complete a cross-sectional electronic survey with validated self-report questionnaires in February and March 2021. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was used to identify classes characterized by unique patterns of exposure to PMIEs. Socio-demographic, work and COVID-related variables were used to predict patterns of exposure to PMIEs, and differences in mental-health outcomes and psychological correlates between classes were assessed. Results: Three subgroups were identified: 'high exposure' (19.5%), 'betrayal-only' (31.3%), and 'minimal exposure' (49.4%). Perceived stress increases the odds for inclusion in the 'high exposure' and 'betrayal-only' classes. Participants in both the High Exposure class and the betrayal-only classes reported higher levels of depressive, anxiety, posttraumatic and more moral injury symptoms as compared to the 'minimal exposure' class. Importantly, both 'high exposure' and 'betrayal-only' classes reported lower levels of self-compassion and higher levels of self-criticism, relative to those in the 'minimal exposure' class. Conclusions: The study's findings offer an overview of the complex associations between patterns of exposure to PMIEs and associated predictors and outcomes. Clinicians treating HSCWs coping with COVID-19 related stress should be aware of the contribution of exposure to PMIEs to HSCWs' distress and to the unique constellation of high self-criticism and low selfcompassion among HSCWs with exposure to PMIEs.

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“…An RCT showed it to be effective for a 6-hour DIY workbook (Griffin et al, 2015). Also, Griffin et al (2021) have applied REACH Forgiveness in veteran populations with people struggling with moral injury.…”

Section: Self-forgivenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

REACH forgiveness in couple, group, and individual psychotherapy.

Worthington¹

2023

Handbook of Spiritually Integrated Psychotherapies.

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R EACH Forgiveness is an intervention that is based on stress-and-coping theory and helps people forgive. It has numerous applications for communities, including promotion of community mental health and use in churches. In addition, REACH Forgiveness is useful in private practices, especially group practices. This intervention is also useful in hospital and medical settings, drug and alcohol rehabilitation settings, university counseling settings, criminal justice settings, and even for public physical and mental health. It can be used as a systemwide intervention within a church's awareness-raising campaign, and thus is ideal to promote clergy-clinician collaboration.In this chapter, I summarize the REACH Forgiveness method and describe its development and use in individual psychotherapy, couple therapy, and group psychotherapy. I also show how it has been adapted for use in self-forgiveness, in Christian churches, and in public health applications. I present a case that shows how REACH Forgiveness is used in couple therapy that includes partner forgiveness and six steps to self-forgiveness, and I use out-of-session do-ityourself (DIY) workbooks as supplements in forgiving another and oneself. OVERVIEW OF THE INTERVENTIONREACH Forgiveness evolved from working with couples in therapy and individuals in groups rather than from a full-blown clinical protocol created theoretically. It was a collaborative effort with input from my graduate students,

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Forgiveness as a mechanism of repair following military-related moral injury.

Cited by 29 publications

References 36 publications

Meat in a Seat: A Grounded Theory Study Exploring Moral Injury in Canadian Public Safety Communicators, Firefighters, and Paramedics

Meat in a Seat: A Grounded Theory Study Exploring Moral Injury in Canadian Public Safety Communicators, Firefighters, and Paramedics

Moral injury and mental health outcomes among Israeli health and social care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a latent class analysis approach

REACH forgiveness in couple, group, and individual psychotherapy.

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