Forgetting generates a novel state that is reactivatable

Liu, He; Wu, Taihong; Canales, Xicotencatl Gracida; Wu, Min; Choi, Myung-Kyu; Duan, Fengyun; Calarco, John A.; Zhang, Yun

doi:10.1126/sciadv.abi9071

Cited by 14 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 77 publications

(202 reference statements)

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“…Many studies demonstrate that forgetting pathways can be engaged after learning in C. elegans , so that the memory of their training is significantly reduced within two hours (Hadziselimovic et al ., 2014; Inoue et al, 2013; Liu et al ., 2022). For example, olfactory training with diacetyl confers a short-lived increase in GLR-1/GluR1-labeled synapses onto the backward command interneurons in the worm, the AVAs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, several pairs of second-order and command interneurons have been implicated in other learning and memory paradigms in C. elegans. A pair of downstream interneurons, the RIAs, plays a role in PA14 learning (Ha and O’Toole, 2015; Liu et al ., 2022). Previous butanone learning paradigms (Lakhina et al, 2015) also found that CREB was required for long-term memory and its expression changed most in another downstream interneuron pair, the AIMs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pseudomonas aeruginosa emits butanone in a complex mixture of volatiles (Labows et al, 1980) which are the cues by which C. elegans decides to avoid or seek out bacteria (Worthy et al, 2018a;Worthy et al, 2018b;Zhang et al, 2005). Their innate attraction to PA14, like that of butanone, can be changed to aversion by PA14 exposures lasting four hours (Ha and O'Toole, 2015;Liu et al, 2022;Zhang et al, 2005). Ha et al, 2015 andLiu et al, 2022 showed that the switch from attraction to repulsion correlates with a decrease in the size of the PA14evoked calcium transients in AIYs.…”

Section: Cellular Loci For Olfactory Learning and Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their innate attraction to PA14, like that of butanone, can be changed to aversion by PA14 exposures lasting four hours (Ha and O'Toole, 2015;Liu et al, 2022;Zhang et al, 2005). Ha et al, 2015 andLiu et al, 2022 showed that the switch from attraction to repulsion correlates with a decrease in the size of the PA14evoked calcium transients in AIYs. The loss of responsiveness may result from a higher baseline of calcium activity (Liu et al, 2022).…”

Section: Cellular Loci For Olfactory Learning and Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ha et al, 2015 andLiu et al, 2022 showed that the switch from attraction to repulsion correlates with a decrease in the size of the PA14evoked calcium transients in AIYs. The loss of responsiveness may result from a higher baseline of calcium activity (Liu et al, 2022). As AWCs release glutamate, which inhibits AIY neurons via glutamate-gated chloride channels (Chalasani et al, 2007), the higher AIY baseline in PA14-trained animals could result from reduced inhibition from AWCs.…”

Section: Cellular Loci For Olfactory Learning and Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sleep is required for odor exposure to consolidate memory and remodel olfactory synapses

Muñoz-Lobato¹,

Kl²,

Farah³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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SummarySleep is conserved across phyla and is shown here to be required for memory consolidation in the nematode, C. elegans. However, it is unclear how sleep collaborates with experience to change specific neurons and associated synapses to ultimately affect behavior. C. elegans neurons have defined synaptic connections and described contributions to specific behaviors. We show that spaced odor-training induces long-term memory, which transits a labile period before being stably maintained. This post-training labile period is required for long-term memory. Memory consolidation, but not acquisition, requires a single interneuron, AIY, which plays a role in odor-seeking behavior. We find that sleep and conditioning mark inhibitory synaptic connections between the butanone-sensing AWC neuron and AIY to decrease synapses and it is in the post-sleep wake phase that memory-specific synaptic changes occur. Thus, we demonstrate in the living organism how sleep initiates events lasting beyond the period of sleep to drive memory consolidation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cellular Loci For Olfactory Learning and Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cellular Loci For Olfactory Learning and Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cellular Loci For Olfactory Learning and Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sleep is required for odor exposure to consolidate memory and remodel olfactory synapses

Muñoz-Lobato¹,

Kl²,

Farah³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Sleep is required to consolidate odor memory and remodel olfactory synapses

Chandra,

Farah,

Muñoz-Lobato

et al. 2023

Cell

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Absolute versus relative forgetting.

Wixted¹

2022

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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Slamecka and McElree (1983) and Rivera-Lares et al. (2022), like others before them, factorially manipulated the number of learning trials and the retention interval. The results revealed two unsurprising main effects: (a) the more study trials, the higher the initial degree of learning, and (b) the longer the retention interval, the more items were forgotten. However, across many experiments, the interaction was not significant, a finding that is often interpreted to mean that the degree of learning is independent of the absolute rate of forgetting (i.e., the absolute number of items forgotten per unit time). Yet there is considerable tension between that interpretation and the fact that forgetting has long been characterized by a power law, according to which the absolute rate of forgetting is not a particularly meaningful measure. When the power function is fit to the same data, the results show that a higher degree of learning results in a lower relative (i.e., proportional) rate of forgetting. This raises an interesting question: which of the two definitions of “forgetting rate” (absolute vs. relative) is theoretically relevant? Here, I make the case that it is the relative rate of forgetting. Theoretically, the explanation of why a higher degree of learning is associated with a lower relative rate of forgetting may be related to why, as observed by Jost (1897) long ago, the passage of time itself is associated with a lower relative rate of forgetting.

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Forgetting generates a novel state that is reactivatable

Cited by 14 publications

References 77 publications

Sleep is required for odor exposure to consolidate memory and remodel olfactory synapses

Sleep is required for odor exposure to consolidate memory and remodel olfactory synapses

Sleep is required to consolidate odor memory and remodel olfactory synapses

Absolute versus relative forgetting.

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