Forgetting Details in Visual Long-Term Memory: Decay or Interference?

Abstract

Two main explanations for memory loss have been proposed. On the one hand, decay theories consider that over time memory fades away. On the other hand, interference theories sustain that when similar memories are encoded, they become more prone to confusion. The interference is greater as the degree of similarity between memories increases, and as the number of similar traces increases too. To reduce interference, the pattern separation process allows the brain to separate similar memories and build detailed memory representations that are less easily confused. Nonetheless, with time, we tend to remember more general aspects of experiences, which also affects our ability to discriminate. We present the results of one experiment in which brain activity was recorded by EEG while two groups of healthy participants performed a visual memory discrimination task. This task assesses the ability to differentiate new but similar information from previously learned information and thus avoid interference. Unlike previous studies, we used a paradigm that was specifically designed to assess the impact of the number of items (2 or 6) of each category stored in memory, as well as the time elapsed after the study phase (20 min or 24 h), on recognition memory for objects. Behaviorally, our results suggest that mnemonic discrimination is not modulated by the passage of time, but by the number of stored events. ERP results show a reduced amplitude in posterior regions between 500 and 700 ms when comparing short and long delays. We also observe a more positive activity in a centro-posterior region in the 500–700 ms window at retrieval when participants store more items. Interestingly, amplitudes for old hits and similar false alarms were greater than amplitudes for correctly rejected new items between 500 and 700 ms. This finding indicates that a recollection-based process operates in both true and false recognition. We also found that the waveforms for correct rejections of similar lures and the waveforms for correct rejections of new items were comparable.

Similarity-based retroactive interference in semantic and procedural long-term memories in human participants in real-life situations

“…The trace decay theory, which was based on Ebbinghaus's memory work and gained more development in the early 20th century, states that memories fade or decay automatically over time if we do not access them 27,28 . Trace decay theory cannot explain why people remember some events that occurred very long ago and does not take into account the role of the numerous events occurring between learning and recall, so it was gradually replaced by interference theory after the 1920s 8,9,29 . Because trace decay theory has difficulty in explaining forgetting of longterm memories, it is now mainly used to explain short-term memory loss [30][31][32] .…”