Forgeries of Fingerprints in Forensic Science

- Fingermark Detection Using Nanoparticles

“…The formation of silica nanoparticles inside the W/O microemulsion takes place by hydrolysis of precursor molecules using NH4OH as a catalyst. The formation of nanoparticles is performed in four steps: (1) association of the silicon precursors (e.g. alkoxides) with the W/O microemulsion, (2) hydrolysis and formation of the monomers, (3) nucleation, and (4) particle growth.…”

“…The terminology that is used in this chapter clearly differentiates a "fingerprint" from a "fingermark", by following the definitions proposed by Champod and Chamberlain in a recent publication [1]. A fingerprint is defined as "a reference impression from a known sample taken with cooperation and under controlled conditions either using an inking process or an optical device […] Because of their pristine acquisition conditions, prints are a near perfect representation of the friction ridge skin" (from [1]). A fingermark is defined as an impression, generally composed of sweat residues, that is "left adventitiously when one touches an object without gloves or foot wear.…”

“…A fingermark is defined as an impression, generally composed of sweat residues, that is "left adventitiously when one touches an object without gloves or foot wear. By the uncontrolled nature of the deposition, marks are often of varying quality compared to the prints" (from [1]). It should be noted that the distinction between fingerprint and fingermarks was already mentioned in another book [2], with a fingerprint defined as "a record or comparison print taken for identification, exclusion, or database purposes", and fingermarks as "traces left (unknowingly) by a person on an object".…”

Proactive forensic science in biometrics: Novel materials for fingerprint spoofing

“…The PEG is the main component of the backbone and its high hydrophilicity is restrained and controlled by introducing hydrophobic functional groups to the polymer. PEG-based spoofs were produced by the direct cast method [21,43] under the assumption that the criminals involved in "highquality" spoofing will usually get the cooperation needed. This method was chosen due to the fact that it generally produces better impressions [15,29,43].…”

“…PEG‐based spoofs were produced by the direct cast method [ 21 , 43 ] under the assumption that the criminals involved in “high‐quality” spoofing will usually get the cooperation needed. This method was chosen due to the fact that it generally produces better impressions [ 15 , 29 , 43 ].…”