Forged Transnationality and Oppositional Cosmopolitanism 1

Connection without Engagement: Paradoxes of North American Armenian Return Migration

“…Without resolving this problem, several scholars have provided important insights on how this disparity between expectation and outcome takes shape pre-and post-return (Schein 1998;Žmegač 2005;Cook-Martín and Viladrich 2009;Tsuda 2009;Levitt, Lucken, and Barnett 2011). These studies often investigate the degree to which identity is constructed (or "forged") in the diaspora and the extent to which this constructed social, political, or even religious identity inhibits settlement of and integration into the homeland.…”

“…Traditional accounts of migration-of peoples from less privileged countries moving to more privileged countries-have been augmented by more complex analyses (Schein 1998;Yang 2000;Žmegač 2005;Sardinha 2008;Tsuda 2009). More specifically, scholarship on return migration has introduced new ways of understanding migratory trajectories by incorporating ethnic ties and nostalgic imagination into its analyses.…”

“…The roles of ethnicity and imagination (sentimentality) help generate an understanding of migrations in which motivations are not primarily economic or political. At the same time, the scholarship has introduced tools to understand the difficulties encountered once the ethnic returnees have settled in their perceived homelands (Schein 1998;Žmegač 2005;Cook-Martín and Viladrich 2009;Tsuda 2009). While the existing treatment has yielded some important frameworks, there exists considerable room for new theoretical understandings of the many complexities of ancestral return migration.…”

Recovering Heritage and Homeland: Ethnic Revival Among Fourth‐Generation Japanese Americans

“…As the Japanese American case demonstrates, multiculturalism can cause later‐generation minorities to recover and reactivate transnational linkages to ancestral homelands that considerably weakened among the second and third generations. Therefore, this is a type of “forged transnationality” (Schein)—the creation of new transnational connections instead of the continuation of pre‐existing, cross‐border linkages.…”

Power in Place: Retheorizing the Local and the Global

“…Throughout the 1990s, numerous multi-locational practitioners of a transnational form of ethnographic fieldwork produced a body of research uniquely sensitive to the social construction of contextuality as well as identity (e.g., Rouse 1991;Kearney 1995;Schein 1998). Throughout the 1990s, numerous multi-locational practitioners of a transnational form of ethnographic fieldwork produced a body of research uniquely sensitive to the social construction of contextuality as well as identity (e.g., Rouse 1991;Kearney 1995;Schein 1998).…”