Forged to heal: The role of metallic cellular solids in bone tissue engineering

Dental Implants: Modern Materials and Methods of Their Surface Modification

“…Thus, the compressive strength of highly porous Ta is 60 MPa (which is significantly higher than the values of compressive strength, though, compared to porous (75%) titanium (~25 MPa) [242]), the tensile strength is 63 MPa, and the bending strength is 110 MPa; in a study, the compressive fatigue endurance limit was 23 MPa at 5-106 cycles, and the samples showed significant plastic deformation [243]. On the other hand, tantalum implants with low porosity may not provide the necessary surface area for cell attachment and tissue ingrowth [219]. Also, the efficiency of bone tissue "sprouting" into the pores of tantalum implants is influenced by the pore size.…”

“…The authors [237] noted that implants with a smaller pore diameter (430 microns) have better mechanical properties in comparison with more "porous" (650 microns) implants. The optimal pore size for promoting bone ingrowth in metallic porous materials, as previously mentioned, is 100-500 µm [127,219], providing a large surface area for cell attachment and proliferation, which can promote both new bone formation as well as the diffusion of nutrients and waste products, which is important for promoting cell survival and proliferation [219].…”

“…However, the most recent studies where steel implants were the subject date from the 2010s; in the 2020s, steel implants have only been mentioned in review articles or used for control groups (for comparison). Although stainless steels are a stronger and mechanically reliable class of metal alloys, their use as biomaterials is limited due to their lack of proper biocompatibility and tendency to corrode over time in biological environments [219].…”

“…The wide implementation of ceramic implants is hindered by the relatively low machinability of ZrO 2 [217,218], increased brittleness of ceramics [219,220], low thermal conductivity and sensitivity to thermal shock [206,[221][222][223][224][225], and CAD/CAM technologies of mechanical processing of products, which have led to the increase in the volume of studies, the object of which are implants from ceramic materials (for the last 20 years, the number of publications with studies on zirconium implant properties has increased 2.5 times; see Figure 6), with the market for dental implants made of zirconium dioxide increasing by more than 12% per year [226].…”

New insight into biodegradable macropore filler on tuning mechanical properties and bone tissue ingrowth in sparingly dissolvable bioceramic scaffolds

“…In such cases, surgical intervention is indicated [ 2 , 3 ]. Currently, a variety of artificial grafts, such as tantalum, titanium alloys, and polyether ether ketone (PEEK), are widely available for reconstructing and repairing substantial bone defects [ [4] , [5] , [6] ]. These metallic scaffold implants exhibit robust mechanical properties, making them attractive options for treating large bone defects [ 7 ].…”