Forest protected area governance in Bangladesh: a focus on the legal and policy framework

Adaptive co-management as an approach to tourism destination governance – a case of protected areas in Bangladesh

“…Communication gaps created by differences in various stakeholders levels of education and awareness of co-management and tourism was identified in this study as one of those challenges (Chowdhury & Izumiyama, 2014;Chowdhury & Koike, 2010;Mukul, Uddin, Uddin, Khan, & Marzan, 2008;Rashid, Craig, Jeffery, et al, 2013).…”

“…While the success of a sound management and planning process is dependent upon the effective and regular participation of the different stakeholders of protected areas (including the local communities) (Colfer, 2005), traditional protected area management approaches often fail to consider the wide range of stakeholders involved in the area (Tosun, 2000(Tosun, , 2001). Other problems also associated with traditional protected area management approaches, which take a top-down management structure, include: tangled goals; faulty implementation plans that lack proper representation of the local stakeholders; conflicts in terms of imbalanced power and trust between stakeholder groups; low transparency and accountability; disregard of local culture and institutions, insufficient linking of knowledge; and weak institutional capacity (Chernela, 2003;Christie & White, 2007;Glaser, Baitoningsih, Ferse, Neil, & Deswandi, 2010;Jaireth & Smyth, 2003;Phillips, 2003;Rashid, Craig, Jeffery, et al, 2013).…”

“…Enhanced equity, efficiency of decision-making, broader based legitimization for actions and increased capacity at a local scale are advantages the co-management approach may provide to the management of natural resources and local community activities in protected areas (Plummer & FitzGibbon, 2004b;Rashid, Craig, Jeffery, et al, 2013).…”

“…One participatory governance approach that has been proposed as an alternative to traditional, topdown approaches is 'co-management' Aziz, 2008;Carlsson & Berkes, 2005;Mukul, Herbohn, Rashid, & Uddin, 2014;Mukul, Rashid, Quazi, Uddin, & Fox, 2012;Mukul, Rashid, Uddin, & Khan, 2016;Plummer & Fitzgibbon, 2004a, 2004bRashid, Craig, Jeffery, et al, 2013;Rashid, Craig, & Kahn, 2015;Rashid & Khan, 2014). Co-management can be defined as "a situation in which two or more social actors negotiate, define and guarantee amongst themselves a fair sharing of the management functions, entitlements and responsibilities for a given territory, area or set of natural resources" (Borrini-Feyerabend, Farvar, Nguinguiri, & Ndangang, 2000, p. 1).…”

“…For protected areas in developing countries there are also a number of other factors that further complicate already tenuous governance systems. Such factors include poverty; illiteracy; large populations; disparities of rights and opportunities; and high demand for natural resources that lead to habitat destruction, pollution and species loss (Borrini-Feyerabend, 2003;Rashid, Craig, Jeffery, & Khan, 2013;Snyder & Sulle, 2011). …”