Forest Fragmentation as Cause of Bacterial Transmission among Nonhuman Primates, Humans, and Livestock, Uganda

Goldberg, Tony L.

doi:10.3201/eid14.9.071196

Cited by 76 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…This study also builds on our previously reported investigations of bacterial transmission between humans and wildlife in western Uganda (11,13,27). Goldberg et al (11) examined chimpanzees in Uganda and showed that the level of bacterial gene flow between chimpanzees and humans employed in chimpanzee research and tourism was high.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Goldberg et al (11) examined chimpanzees in Uganda and showed that the level of bacterial gene flow between chimpanzees and humans employed in chimpanzee research and tourism was high. Goldberg et al (13) further demonstrated that human behavior and primate ecology affect rates of bacterial transmission among people, livestock, and monkeys in western Uganda. Data from the present study add to this growing evidence that both ecology and human behavior can affect rates of gastrointestinal bacterial transmission among people, livestock, and wildlife.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High Rates of Escherichia coli Transmission between Livestock and Humans in Rural Uganda

et al. 2008

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Escherichia coli is a zoonotic bacterium that is important to both public health and livestock economics. To date, most studies of zoonotic E. coli transmission have been conducted in developed nations with industrialized agricultural economies. In this study, E. coli bacteria were collected from people and livestock in two communities in rural western Uganda in order to investigate patterns of interspecific bacterial transmission in a developing rural economy characterized by very close human-livestock associations. Six hundred seventytwo E. coli isolates were genotyped using repetitive element-PCR (Rep-PCR) fingerprinting, and genetic distances between populations of bacteria from different hosts and locations were calculated. Genetic distances between human and livestock bacteria were generally very low, indicating high rates of bacterial gene flow among host species. Bacteria from humans and livestock in the same communities were virtually indistinguishable genetically. Data from surveys administered at the time of sample collection showed that people who did not regularly wash their hands before eating harbored bacteria approximately twice as similar genetically to bacteria of their livestock as did people who regularly washed their hands before eating. These results suggest that both rates of human-livestock interactions and patterns of human hygiene affect human-livestock bacterial transmission in this setting. This conclusion has implications not only for human and livestock health in subsistence-based agricultural economies but also for the emergence of zoonotic diseases out of such areas as a result of increasing globalization.Infectious agents transmitted between humans and their livestock are important to both public health and livestock economics. Taylor et al. (30) previously estimated that 75% of emerging human infectious diseases are zoonotic or have recent zoonotic origins, with livestock serving as important reservoirs of infection. Escherichia coli is of special concern as a livestock-associated bacterial zoonosis (2, 6). E. coli can range in virulence from a benign commensal to highly virulent enteropathogenic forms, such as the O157:H7 serovar (7, 31). Although all forms of the bacterium are zoonotic, few cause clinical disease in infected animals (10) despite the potential of some for high virulence in people (7, 35). Also, E. coli shed by animals can persist in soil, water, manure, and feed, where it can spread to other uninfected animals (15) and to humans (7).Despite significant advances in our understanding of E. coli transmission in industrialized nations, little is known about the transmission of the bacterium in the developing world. Zoonotic transmission of E. coli and similar pathogens may in fact be very common in rural, subsistence-based agricultural economies. In rural Africa, for example, people traditionally keep livestock in close proximity to the homestead or even inside the domicile. In such situations, humans and livestock come into exceptionally close contact both direct...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Rates of Escherichia coli Transmission between Livestock and Humans in Rural Uganda

et al. 2008

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“…Studies on mammals can inform research on avian pathogens. One study in primates has shown that forest fragmentation in Uganda is associated with an increased similarity of Escherichia coli bacteria between humans and red-tailed guenons, suggesting increased transmission between the two populations (Goldberg et al, 2008). Another study has shown that an increase in the prevalence of Mycobacterium ulcerans, a pathogen that causes Buruli ulcer in humans, appears to be correlated with deforestation in West Africa (Walsh et al, 2008).…”

Section: Bacteria and Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

Deforestation and avian infectious diseases

Sehgal

2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

112

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SummaryIn this time of unprecedented global change, infectious diseases will impact humans and wildlife in novel and unknown ways. Climate change, the introduction of invasive species, urbanization, agricultural practices and the loss of biodiversity have all been implicated in increasing the spread of infectious pathogens. In many regards, deforestation supersedes these other global events in terms of its immediate potential global effects in both tropical and temperate regions. The effects of deforestation on the spread of pathogens in birds are largely unknown. Birds harbor many of the same types of pathogens as humans and in addition can spread infectious agents to humans and other wildlife. It is thought that avifauna have gone extinct due to infectious diseases and many are presently threatened, especially endemic island birds. It is clear that habitat degradation can pose a direct threat to many bird species but it is uncertain how these alterations will affect disease transmission and susceptibility to disease. The migration and dispersal of birds can also change with habitat degradation, and thus expose populations to novel pathogens. Some recent work has shown that the results of landscape transformation can have confounding effects on avian malaria, other haemosporidian parasites and viruses. Now with advances in many technologies, including mathematical and computer modeling, genomics and satellite tracking, scientists have tools to further research the disease ecology of deforestation. This research will be imperative to help predict and prevent outbreaks that could affect avifauna, humans and other wildlife worldwide.Key words: deforestation, birds, infectious diseases, disease ecology, global change. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY956 Brownstein et al., 2005; Killilea et al., 2008), and cutaneous leishmaniasis is increasing with deforestation in Costa Rica (Chaves et al., 2008). Deforestation has also been associated with the increased emergence of viral pathogens, such as SARS, Ebola and other viruses of bats (Field, 2009; Leroy et al., 2005; Looi and Chua, 2007). In addition, deforestation can indirectly result in increased human contact with wildlife, increasing the exposure to zoonoses (Wolfe et al., 2005;Wolfe et al., 2007). For example, it is now clear that human/chimpanzee contacts led to the HIV pandemic (Keele et al., 2006; Keele et al., 2009), and may have provided the first transmission of Falciparum malaria (Rich et al., 2009).Birds are affected by viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal infectious pathogens, and can also act as reservoirs of numerous zoonotic pathogens (Davis, 1971;Hubalek, 2004;Thomas and Hunter, 2007). It is likely that the direct and indirect effects of deforestation could affect the transmission of all the four major classes of avian pathogens. Viruses Avian influenzaThe most topical virus of birds is the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. Avian influenza viruses reside in wild aquatic birds; they are the natural reservoir for all influenza A viruses (Ol...

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“…This is not to suggest that inoculation of microbes from external sources does not occur. Rather, both pathogenic and mutualistic microbes can be transferred from close contact with other species in a shared environment (Woolhouse et al, 2001;Davies and Pedersen, 2008;Nunn et al, 2011;Degnan et al, 2012;Moeller et al, 2012;Faith et al, 2013;Goldberg et al, 2008). Interestingly, physical proximity rather than evolutionary relationships of the host species can matter more particularly for disease transmission: despite the more distant evolutionary relationships, domesticated animals pose greater risk of transmitting pathogenic microbes to humans than NHPs (Pedersen et al, 2007;Goldberg et al, 2008).…”

Section: Factors Affecting Vaginal Microbial Ecologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The primate vaginal microbiome: Comparative context and implications for human health and disease

Stumpf

Wilson

Rivera

et al. 2013

American J Phys Anthropol

116

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The primate body hosts trillions of microbes. Interactions between primate hosts and these microbes profoundly affect primate physiology, reproduction, health, survival, and ultimately, evolution. It is increasingly clear that primate health cannot be understood fully without knowledge of host-microbial interactions. Our goals here are to review what is known about microbiomes of the female reproductive tract and to explore several factors that influence variation within individuals, as well as within and between primate species. Much of our knowledge of microbial variation derives from studies of humans, and from microbes located in nonreproductive regions (e.g., the gut). We review work suggesting that the vaginal microbiota affects female health, fecundity, and pregnancy outcomes, demonstrating the selective potential for these agents. We explore the factors that correlate with microbial variation within species. Initial colonization by microbes depends on the manner of birth; most microbial variation is structured by estrogen levels that change with age (i.e., at puberty and menopause) and through the menstrual cycle. Microbial communities vary by location within the vagina and can depend on the sampling methods used (e.g., swab, lavage, or pap smear). Interindividual differences also exist, and while this variation is not completely understood, evidence points more to differences in estrogen levels, rather than differences in external physical environment. When comparing across species, reproductive-age humans show distinct microbial communities, generally dominated by Lactobacillus, unlike other primates. We develop evolutionary hypotheses to explain the marked differences in microbial communities. While much remains to be done to test these hypotheses, we argue that the ample variation in primate mating and reproductive behavior offers excellent opportunities to evaluate host-microbe coevolution and adaptation. Am J Phys Anthropol 57:119-134,

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Forest Fragmentation as Cause of Bacterial Transmission among Nonhuman Primates, Humans, and Livestock, Uganda

Cited by 76 publications

References 10 publications

High Rates of Escherichia coli Transmission between Livestock and Humans in Rural Uganda

High Rates of Escherichia coli Transmission between Livestock and Humans in Rural Uganda

Deforestation and avian infectious diseases

The primate vaginal microbiome: Comparative context and implications for human health and disease

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