Forest cover and disturbance changes, and their driving forces: A case study in the Ore Mountains, Czechia, heavily affected by anthropogenic acidic pollution in the second half of the 20th century

Abstract

This study focuses on the assessment of forest cover and disturbance changes in the heavily polluted Ore Mountains (Czechia, Central Europe) during the second half of the 20th century and onward. It analyzes the driving forces of forest changes with reference to environmental, societal and political development in the region. Anthropogenic air pollution, prevalently SO 2 from adjacent coal-burning industry, caused extensive forest decline, especially between the 1970s and 1980s. The most affected tree species was the main economical timber species, Norway spruce, which proved to be remarkably pollution-sensitive. We used Landsat time series, and a combination of an integrated forest Z-score and Disturbance Index (DI), to analyze the forest cover change and disturbance development during 1985-2016. In 1994, the forest cover reached its minimum there. The breakdown of communism in the 1990s implied fulfilling EU pollution standards via air protection regulations, investment in power plant desulphurization, and forest management measures, which were the main drivers of the forest recovery. The forest recovery continued till about 2005; however, fluctuations in forest cover and DI have continued during the last decade. Apparently, forests weakened by old loads are prone to new stress factors. Landsat time series represent a powerful data source to monitor the impact of these drivers on forests on a regional scale. Originally, the severely damaged eastern part with heavier acidic load and large forest decline recovered faster after remarkable lowering of air pollution loads compared to the western part, with lower loads and less damaged forests. However, the interactions of persisting driving forces (soil acidification, adverse meteorological events, climate change factors, air pollution, tree species composition and physiological state, pest outbreaks) still threaten the forests there, which remain moderately damaged in both parts of the Ore Mountains. This may lead to unpredictable forest development independently of societal and political driving forces.

Changing Low Flow and Streamflow Drought Seasonality in Central European Headwaters

“…Forest disturbances have an important role in snowmelt rates which might further affect the seasonal distribution of low flows [57]. Recent forest disturbances in the Ore Mountains [58] and the Bohemian Forest, caused predominantly by the infestation of bark beetle [28,30], should also indicate the streamflow feedback in the conditions of multiple changes of the environment in the near future [59][60][61]. The change points in long-term air temperature series detected in various studies between 1985 and 1995 [22,54,62] have been followed by increased frequency and intensity of low-flow events.…”

Sentinel-2 Data in an Evaluation of the Impact of the Disturbances on Forest Vegetation

“…In Central Europe, evaluations of the state and changes in forest vegetation using Landsat have been presented by many studies [13][14][15][16]. EO data have often been used in the evaluation of forests in Czechia, which have been struggling with long-term disturbances (wind calamities or the subsequent bark beetle invasions) [17][18][19][20][21].…”

Impacts of regional climate change on hydrological drought characteristics in headwaters of the Ore Mountains

“…The current area and species composition of forests, consisting mainly of spruce monocultures, has been relatively stable since the late 19th century. However, the massive mining and consumption of brown coal in the neighboring Most and Sokolov Basins, which culminated in the 1980s, still negatively affect the health condition of the forest (Kupková, Potůčková, Lhotáková, & Albrechtová, 2018). More recently, bark‐beetle infestations have become the biggest problem, which in the recent unusually dry years affected almost all Czech coniferous forests.…”