land uselcover change, Costa Rica, tim-series, landscape metrics.A time-series of aerial photography and Landsat TM data were compiled for an area of the Caribbean lowlands of northeastern Costa Rica from 1960-1996. Oeo-referenced, ground-based information was collected in 1996 and 1997. Changes in land cover were mapped and landscape fragmentation was examined using landscape pattern metrics. By 1996 the area was characterized by a complex mosaic of forests, pastures, and crop lands of different ages and disturbance histories. The most important forces driving land use changes were colonization, infrastructure development, and changes in export markets, but the spatial patterns of land use change were determined by the physical landscape. In terms of long-term forest health and conservation, there are three considerations: (1) whilst forests remain an important component of the unprotected landscape in the region, and deforestation rates have declined, the forests are highly fragmented and the area exposed to edge effects is high; (2) the secondary forests in the area are young and transient in nature; and (3) never cleared forests are in good condition, but they are susceptible to disturbance in the future.