Forensic application of EST-derived STR markers in opium poppy

Abstract

Discrimination study in opium poppy (

New EST-SSR Markers for Individual Genotyping of Opium Poppy Cultivars (Papaver somniferum L.)

“…In contrast, our study and others analyzed varieties bred by man and they cannot be considered as a population of randomly mating individuals by any means and many varieties could share a substantial portion of their genomes due to their origin, breeding history, and pedigree. This is the reason why we disagree with the argumentation in [23] and, despite the very low p-values for a random match in our case, we regard such values as uninformative and, thus, the obtained result leads us to have doubts about the system's robustness and to call for a higher number of markers. The last interesting outcome from multivariate analysis showed that there were differences between accessions of the same variety, such as Bergam, Maraton, Opal, or Orel (Figure 1a).…”

“…This result suggests that the gene pool actually used for new varieties is quite narrow and/or that our system lacks robustness, as it was implicated by the identity analysis (ID) paired comparison of varieties. Although we could argue that the probability of a random match is much lower (e.g., pID = 1.09 × 10 −16 ; Table S4) than the probability (pID = 1.04 × 10 −3 ) published by Mičianová et al [23], one should treat such values carefully and also look behind the numbers to see their meaning. Such estimators were developed for application in forensic genetics or studies of wild populations and calculate the probability of a random match within an idealized population according to the Hardy-Weinberg law and other assumptions (see more about the topic in [51,52]).…”

“…Nonetheless, variability within P. somniferum itself is more important for our purpose, where the number of alleles decreased by about 25% (88 alleles, median = 5) for all P. somniferum accessions and about 35% when we take account only culinary varieties (77 alleles, median = 4). Unfortunately, the direct comparison of variability within P. somniferum species is only possible with the study of Lee et al [26], where they found at six loci 17 alleles with a mean of 2.83 alleles per locus, and Mičianová et al [23] who reported 20 alleles at 8 loci with a mean of 2.5 alleles per locus ( Table 1). More extensive studies [24,25] with a similar number of samples adopted a different strategy of marker development and analysis (see the previous part of discussion) and we can only perform an indirect and thus biased comparison when we accept the premise that one fragment is equal to one allele.…”

“…The first attempts to evaluate genetic variability and diversity among varieties were done by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR), or amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) methods [19][20][21][22] because these methods do not require a priori knowledge about the genome. Simultaneously, with an accumulation of sequencing data, microsatellite markers were also developed [23][24][25][26].…”

Procedures for DNA Extraction from Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and Poppy Seed-Containing Products

“…Falsification is also a serious problem in the production of vegetable oils, especially the more expensive ones, including poppy seed oil. Chemical analyses of oils are used to determine the species origin of oil [ 17 ], but DNA analyses are appropriate to determine species origin and also the cultivar origin [ 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”