“…Both quantitative and qualitative methods used for anxiety research have shown that anxiety exists in almost every aspect of SL/FL learning and changes over time (Gregersen, 2020;Liu & Xiangming, 2019;Lu & Liu, 2015;MacIntyre & Gardner, 1994). Speaking publicly in the target language has always been found to be particularly anxiety-provoking for many SL/FL students, even those who feel little stress in other aspects of language learning (Horwitz et al, 1986;Králová, 2016;Liu & Xiangming, 2019;MacIntyre & MacDonald, 1998). The speech of anxious students is often accompanied by blushing, trembling hands, pounding heart, and headache (Cohen & Norst, 1989).…”