Foreign Debt Expansion, the International Monetary Fund, and Regional Variation in Third World Poverty

Ecological Unequal Exchange: International Trade and Uneven Utilization of Environmental Space in the World System

“…Research examining developing countries illustrates foreign debt has a negative impact upon economic growth (Bradshaw and Huang 1991;Bradshaw and Wahl 1991) …”

“…Research illustrates debt-oriented dependency factors may negatively impact social development (Bradshaw and Wahl 1991;Huang 1995).…”

Debt, Structural Adjustment and Deforestation: A Cross-National Study

“…The index effectively approximates structural adjustment because the International Monetary Fund imposes conditions in each of its negotiations and renegotiations with indebted nations (Walton and Ragin 1990). See Bradshaw and Wahl (1991) or Walton and Ragin (1990) for a more detailed discussion. Dependency theory hypothesizes that structural adjustment should increase deforestation.…”

Debt, Structural Adjustment, and Non-Governmental Organizations: A Cross-National Analysis of Maternal Mortality

“…The cross-national research focusing on a later period tended to focus on dependence upon multinational corporations (e.g., Lena, and London 1993;London and Williams 1988;London 1988;Bornschier and Chase-Dunn 1985). A different, more recent strand of cross-national research shifts the focus to various types of dependency, generated by the debt crisis especially the impacts of debt service and structural adjustment lending (e.g., Buchman 1996;Bradshaw et al 1993;Bradshaw and Wahl 1991;Walton and Ragin 1990). Our study follows in the debt and structural adjustment tradition.…”