“…Indeed, the massive entry of foreign banks in banking sectors of Latin American and emerging European countries observed since the mid-to late 1990s was welcomed by several observers as a contribution of financial stability in the respective countries (Mishkin 2001(Mishkin , 2006. Evidence on the stabilizing role of foreign banks in emerging markets from the global financial crisis is mixed and regionally different ((De Haas et al (2011), Vogel and Winkler (2012), Claessens and van Horen (2012)), ,also because the crisis had a negative impact on the ability of parent banks to provide funding and keep exposures. As a result, in emerging Europe, the IMF, together with EU institutions, other international financial institutions, home and host country governments and central banks as well as major foreign banks operating in the region established the Vienna Initiative to prevent forced deleveraging and spirals of asset fire sales (IMF 2012).…”