This study investigated
the comparative effects of mixed nanocomposite
(MNC) fertilizers as an alternative to commercial fertilizers (CFs)
on endophytic symbiosis and nutritional properties of rice grains.
We synthesized MNC fertilizers with different concentrations and characterized
them by using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy. The CF was applied as per the method followed by local
farmers; however, for MNC fertilizers both foliar and soil applications
were done. Comparative analysis of growth and development, rice–endophyte
symbiosis, and nutritional properties of rice grains was conducted.
The panicles per hill, length of panicles, grain per panicles, 1000-grain
weight, and dry matter of rice plants treated with MNC fertilizers
were found to be not statistically (
p
> 0.05)
different
compared to those of CF. However, growth parameters were significantly
(
p
< 0.05) higher in MNC fertilizer-treated crops
than in CF-treated crops. Several predominant endophytes such as
Penicillium
spp.,
Aspergillus fumigatus
,
Rhizopus
spp., and
Fusarium
spp. that could have significant effects
on the enhancement of growth and nutritional properties of rice grains
were identified in rice plants treated with MNC fertilizers at different
concentrations. Contrarily, stem-associated
Cercospora
spp. was found in the CF-treated field and fission yeast was observed
in the blank-treated field. In addition, the contents of proteins,
fibers, carbohydrates, energy-yielding components, vitamin A, and
minerals were significantly increased in rice plants treated with
MNC fertilizers. Thus, we would like to conclude that MNC fertilizers
could be one of the most potential alternatives to CFs for achieving
better rice–endophyte symbiosis as well as nutritional improvements
in rice grains for sustainable production.