Forearm Oxygen Consumption and Forearm Blood Flow in Healthy Children and Adolescents Measured by Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Abstract

Abstract:The assessment of forearm oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) and forearm blood flow (FBF) by means of near infrared spectroscopy has become widespread in adults, whereas in children and adolescents no data are available. The aim of the present study was to analyze VO 2 and FBF in healthy children and adolescents. Methods: In a prospective cohort study, 20 male and 20 female healthy children and adolescents were investigated. The measurements of VO 2 and FBF were performed by means of near infrared spectroscopy in combination with the venous occlusion method. Results: Mean VO 2 was 0.08 ± 0.04 ml 100 g -1 min -1 in male and 0.09 ± 0.05 ml 100 g -1 min -1 in female subjects. Mean FBF was 1.95 ± 1.25 ml 100 g -1 min -1 in male and 1.82 ± 0.98 ml 100 g -1 min -1 in female subjects. No significant difference was found between male and female subjects. A significant negative correlation of VO 2 and FBF to age was observed in both groups. Conclusion: In the present study we were able to show that VO 2 and FBF decreased with increasing age in children and adolescents without significant differences between male and female subjects.Key words: near infrared spectroscopy, forearm oxygen consumption, forearm blood flow, development. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a relatively newmethod, which is noninvasive and continuous and operates in real time, thus enabling in-vivo monitoring of tissue oxygenation and hemodynamics. NIRS has been applied to measure the oxygenation and hemodynamics of a variety of tissues, including muscle, brain, and connective tissue. With an adequate optode separation (more than 20 mm), the skin and the subcutaneous fat constitutes less than 5% of the signal measured over a given body segment in lean subjects [1,2]. The NIRS signal therefore predominately reflects the microcirculation and O 2 availability of tissue, which is dependent on interoptode distance, 2-6 cm deep [1]. Thus by positioning the optodes on the forearm, NIRS enables the measurement of the oxygenation and hemodynamics of forearm muscle.The venous occlusion, another noninvasive method, in combination with NIRS has been validated and has become an accepted method for the assessment of forearm muscular oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) [3][4][5] and forearm blood flow (FBF) [6]. Nevertheless, most studies on muscle oxygenation and hemodynamics were performed on healthy adults and adult patients [1,4,7] and on term and preterm neonates [8,9]. In a recent study we analyzed FBF in children and adolescents with type I diabetes and healthy children and adolescents [6].The aim of the present study was the measurement and analysis of VO 2 and FBF of forearm muscle in healthy children and adolescents. METHODSChildren and adolescents aged from 6 to 18 years were studied. The subjects, who were obese, i.e., body mass index (BMI) beyond the 90th percentile, or who had taken any medicaments within the past seven days, were excluded. Male and female subjects were matched for age (±6 months). Each subject was a volunteer, and informed consent was ob...

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