Forces of Production and Direction

He, Ni; Cao, Liqun; Wells, William M.; Maguire, Edward R.

doi:10.1177/1088767902239242

Cited by 42 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…On the other hand, larger migration rates were associated with increased suicide relative to total violence. These findings were consistent with the predictions of the stream analogy of total violence and somewhat similar to those reported in previous studies [20]. …”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Unemployment increases suicide by lowering both current income level and future income expectations through human capital depreciation, an effect that is strongest among people in the middle-aged group [19]. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the loss of status due to business contraction may drive lethal violence [11, 20]. …”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…An analysis of cross-national data showed income inequality and economic development as the key predictors for suicide. Divorce increased total violence but did not influence suicide [20]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A spatio-temporal analysis of suicide in El Salvador

Carcach¹

2017

BMC Public Health

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BackgroundIn 2012, international statistics showed El Salvador’s suicide rate as 40th in the world and the highest in Latin America. Over the last 15 years, national statistics show the suicide death rate declining as opposed to an increasing rate of homicide. Though completed suicide is an important social and health issue, little is known about its prevalence, incidence, etiology and spatio-temporal behavior. The primary objective of this study was to examine completed suicide and homicide using the stream analogy to lethal violence within a spatio-temporal framework.MethodsA Bayesian model was applied to examine the spatio-temporal evolution of the tendency of completed suicide over homicide in El Salvador. Data on numbers of suicides and homicides at the municipal level were obtained from the Instituto de Medicina Legal (IML) and population counts, from the Dirección General de Estadística y Censos (DIGESTYC), for the period of 2002 to 2012. Data on migration were derived from the 2007 Population Census, and inequality data were obtained from a study by Damianović, Valenzuela and Vera.ResultsThe data reveal a stable standardized rate of total lethal violence (completed suicide plus homicide) across municipalities over time; a decline in suicide; and a standardized suicide rate decreasing with income inequality but increasing with social isolation. Municipalities clustered in terms of both total lethal violence and suicide standardized rates.ConclusionsSpatial effects for suicide were stronger among municipalities located in the north-east and center-south sides of the country. New clusters of municipalities with large suicide standardized rates were detected in the north-west, south-west and center-south regions, all of which are part of time-stable clusters of homicide. Prevention efforts to reduce income inequality and mitigate the negative effects of weak relational systems should focus upon municipalities forming time-persistent clusters with a large rate of death by suicide. In municipalities that are part of newly-formed suicide clusters and also are located in areas with a large rate of homicide, interrupting the expansion of spatial concentrations of suicide over time may require the implementation of both public health and public safety interventions.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 70%

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A spatio-temporal analysis of suicide in El Salvador

Carcach¹

2017

BMC Public Health

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“…In addition, economic inequality and ethnic heterogeneity exert a positive influence on homicide separately as expected (Altheimer, 2008;Chon, 2011;Fearon, 2011;He et al, 2003;Maume & Lee, 2003;Messner, 1982;Messner, Raffalovich, & Sutton, 2010;Nivette, 2011;Ouimet, 2012;Pratt & Cullen, 2005). Inequality, both absolute and relative, makes it difficult to maintain any spirit of e pluribus unum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Although other measures of inequality are available, their effects on homicide are similar (Messner et al, 2002), and the Gini is considered one of the better measures (He et al, 2003;Messner et al, 2002).…”

Section: Human Development Report 2010 Produced By the United Nationsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Governance and Regional Variation of Homicide Rates

Cao

Zhang

2016

Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol

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Criminological theories of cross-national studies of homicide have underestimated the effects of quality governance of liberal democracy and region. Data sets from several sources are combined and a comprehensive model of homicide is proposed. Results of the spatial regression model, which controls for the effect of spatial autocorrelation, show that quality governance, human development, economic inequality, and ethnic heterogeneity are statistically significant in predicting homicide. In addition, regions of Latin America and non-Muslim Sub-Saharan Africa have significantly higher rates of homicides ceteris paribus while the effects of East Asian countries and Islamic societies are not statistically significant. These findings are consistent with the expectation of the new modernization and regional theories.

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Understanding Homicide in China

Cao¹

2017

The Handbook of Homicide

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Forces of Production and Direction

Cited by 42 publications

References 32 publications

A spatio-temporal analysis of suicide in El Salvador

A spatio-temporal analysis of suicide in El Salvador

Governance and Regional Variation of Homicide Rates

Understanding Homicide in China

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