Forced swimming in rats: Hypothermia, immobility and the effects of imipramine

Porsolt, Roger D.; Deniel, Martine; Jalfre, M

doi:10.1016/0014-2999(79)90507-7

Cited by 77 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…SSRI/ serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors [SNRIs]) are used routinely to treat symptoms of anxiety. In this study, we examined whether the behavioral effects of NPS could be extended to include antidepressant-like activity, by investigating the effects of NPS in the TST (Cryan et al 2005;Porsolt et al 1979;Steru et al 1985). Clinically effective antidepressants (tricyclics, SSRIs, SNRIs) decrease immobility time (Varty et al 2003), but in contrast, NPS had no effect on immobility time, suggesting a lack of antidepressant-like effect in this model.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Pharmacology of neuropeptide S in mice: therapeutic relevance to anxiety disorders

et al. 2008

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Pharmacology of neuropeptide S in mice: therapeutic relevance to anxiety disorders

et al. 2008

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“…Forced swimming has been used previously in rodent studies to induce reproducible stress responses (Balkan et al 2006 ;Bareggi et al 1978 ;Nagy et al 1983 ;Roth et al 1982). It is important to note that the stress paradigm employed in the present study is different from the forced swimming test often used as a measure of depression in animal models involving two consecutive exposures to swim challenge (Cryan et al 2005 ;Lucki, 1997 ;Porsolt et al 1978Porsolt et al , 1979. Each animal was placed for 5 min in a plastic cylinder (45 cm diameterr120 cm height) half-filled with cold water (5-6 xC) in such a way that rats cannot reach the brim nor stand on the bottom.…”

Section: Behavioural Testingmentioning

confidence: 95%

Prefrontal cortical D1 dopamine receptors modulate subcortical D2 dopamine receptor-mediated stress responsiveness

Scornaiencki

Cantrup

Rushlow

et al. 2009

Int. J. Neuropsychopharm.

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Increased responsiveness to stress plays an important role in the manifestation of schizophrenia symptoms. Evidence indicates that the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and dopamine neurotransmission in the PFC in particular, is involved in the modulation of stress responsiveness. Decreased dopaminergic activity and loss of dopamine fibres have been reported in PFC in schizophrenia patients. Consequently, it was hypothesized that depletion of dopamine in PFC may facilitate increased stress responsiveness. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats received injections of 6-hydroxydopamine or saline bilaterally into the medial PFC (mPFC) following desipramine pretreatment to selectively deplete dopaminergic fibres. Following a 3-wk recovery period, the lesioned and control rats received injections of a D1 or D2 dopamine receptor agonist or vehicle into the mPFC and were immediately subjected to forced swimming as a stressor. Results showed that frequency of locomotion and rearing, behavioural measures indicative of increased dopaminergic activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), were significantly increased following stress in prefrontal cortical dopamine-depleted rats. This effect was significantly ameliorated by infusions of a D1 dopamine receptor agonist directly into the mPFC in a dose-dependent manner but not by infusion of a D2 dopamine receptor agonist. In addition, stress-induced behavioural changes in prefrontal cortical dopamine-depleted rats were significantly reduced following selective discrete infusions of a D2 dopamine receptor antagonist into the NAc shell. The results suggest that dopaminergic transmission via D1 receptors in the mPFC modulates D2 dopamine receptor-mediated stress responsiveness in the NAc, a feature that may be disrupted in schizophrenia patients.

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“…We noticed that these animals exhibited an abnormal behavior characterized by a tilted position of the head, circling movements, and a marked tendency to crawl and walk backwards when placed outside their cages ( Figure 5B and Supplemental Video 1). In addition, when subjected to the Porsolt forced swim test (25), these affected mutant mice were unable to swim or float, exhibited profound disorientation, rotated under water, and had to be rescued from drowning ( Figure 5B). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autophagy is essential for mouse sense of balance

Mariño¹,

Fernández²,

Cabrera³

et al. 2010

J. Clin. Invest.

175

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Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that is essential for cellular homeostasis and organismal viability in eukaryotes. However, the extent of its functions in higher-order processes of organismal physiology and behavior is still unknown. Here, we report that autophagy is essential for the maintenance of balance in mice and that its deficiency leads to severe balance disorders. We generated mice deficient in autophagin-1 protease (Atg4b) and showed that they had substantial systemic reduction of autophagic activity. Autophagy reduction occurred through defective proteolytic processing of the autophagosome component LC3 and its paralogs, which compromised the rate of autophagosome maturation. Despite their viability, Atg4b-null mice showed unusual patterns of behavior that are common features of inner ear pathologies. Consistent with this, Atg4b-null mice showed defects in the development of otoconia, organic calcium carbonate crystals essential for sense of balance (equilibrioception). Furthermore, these abnormalities were exacerbated in Atg5 -/-mice, which completely lack the ability to perform autophagy, confirming that autophagic activity is necessary for otoconial biogenesis. Autophagy deficiency also led to impaired secretion and assembly of otoconial core proteins, thus hampering otoconial development. Taken together, these results describe an essential role for autophagy in inner ear development and equilibrioception and open new possibilities for understanding and treating human balance disorders, which are of growing relevance among the elderly population.

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Forced swimming in rats: Hypothermia, immobility and the effects of imipramine

Cited by 77 publications

References 5 publications

Pharmacology of neuropeptide S in mice: therapeutic relevance to anxiety disorders

Pharmacology of neuropeptide S in mice: therapeutic relevance to anxiety disorders

Prefrontal cortical D1 dopamine receptors modulate subcortical D2 dopamine receptor-mediated stress responsiveness

Autophagy is essential for mouse sense of balance

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