Forced swim stress elicits region-specific changes in CART expression in the stress axis and stress regulatory brain areas

Balkan, Bedih; Keser, Ayşegül; Gozen, Oguz; Koylu, Ersin O.; Dağcı, Taner; Kuhar, Michael J.; Pöğün, Şakire

doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.11.006

Cited by 26 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…On the other hand, our previous studies demonstrated that hypothalamic CART peptides are regulated by forced swim stress and that this regulation is sex-specific. Western Blot analysis of the whole hypothalamus showed that forced swim stress increased CART peptide levels in male rats, whereas no effect was observed in females (Balkan et al 2006, 2012). Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis of the hypothalamus showed that forced swim increased CART-immunoreactive cell numbers in the female PVN, whereas no effect was observed in the male PVN or in the ARC nucleus of either sex (Gozen et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Stress regulates CART expression in different brain regions (Balkan et al, 2006, 2012; Dandekar et al, 2009; Gozen et al, 2007; Hunter et al, 2007; Kang et al, 2010; Kong et al, 2003; Orsetti et al, 2008; Ruginsk et al, 2011; Sergeyev et al, 2001). Few studies have investigated the regulation of hypothalamic CART during psychological stress Dandekar et al (2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Region- and sex-specific changes in CART mRNA in rat hypothalamic nuclei induced by forced swim stress

et al. 2012

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Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) mRNA and peptides are highly expressed in the paraventricular (PVN), dorsomedial (DMH) and arcuate (ARC) nuclei of the hypothalamus. It has been suggested that these nuclei regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, autonomic nervous system activity, and feeding behavior. Our previous studies showed that forced swim stress augmented CART peptide expression significantly in whole hypothalamus of male rats. In another study, forced swim stress increased the number of CART-immunoreactive cells in female PVN, whereas no effect was observed in male PVN or in the ARC nucleus of either sex. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of forced swim stress on CART mRNA expression in PVN, DMH and ARC nuclei in both male and female rats. Twelve male (stressed and controls, n=6 each) and 12 female (stressed and controls, n=6 each) Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Control animals were only handled, whereas forced swim stress procedure was applied to the stressed groups. Brains were dissected and brain sections containing PVN, DMH and ARC nuclei were prepared. CART mRNA levels were determined by in situ hybridization. In male rats, forced swim stress upregulated CART mRNA expression in DMH and downregulated it in the ARC. In female rats, forced swim stress increased CART mRNA expression in PVN and DMH, whereas a decrease was observed in the ARC nucleus. Our results show that forced swim stress elicits region and sex-specific changes in CART mRNA expression in rat hypothalamus that may help explain some of the effects of stress.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Region- and sex-specific changes in CART mRNA in rat hypothalamic nuclei induced by forced swim stress

et al. 2012

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“…Studies demonstrate that psychological stress also changes CART peptide and mRNA expression in the hypothalamus, limbic areas, brainstem and the adrenal gland. Forced swim stress (FSS) elevated CART peptide expression in the hypothalamus of male rats 53,54 . In another study, FSS up-regulated CART mRNA expression in the DMH and down-regulated it in the ARC of male and female rats.…”

Section: Cart and Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART): A possible regulator of the stress response

Balkan¹

2013

OA Neurosciences

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Introduction Cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptides have been implicated in the endocrine and autonomic regulation, food intake and anxiety. Anatomical studies demonstrate that cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript mRNA and peptides are expressed intensely in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal gland axis and sympatho-adrenal system. In parallel with the anatomical studies, functional studies show that cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptides increase the activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympatho-adrenal system. Also, various stress procedures regulate cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide and mRNA expression in the frontal cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus and adrenal gland. Based on these data, this review discusses the possible role of cocaineand amphetamine-regulated transcript peptides in the regulation of the stress response. ConclusionThere is substantial literature which shows that cocaine-and amphetamineregulated transcript has significant effects on the hypothalamo-pituitaryadrenal axis and sympatho-adrenal system activity. Although increasing number of studies report that cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript expression is regulated by the stress response, the exact role of

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“…Interestingly, in vivo study has shown that intracerebroventricularly injection of CART increases spatial learning and memory in rats subjected to the acquisition protocol in Morris water maze [103]. On the other hand, endogenous CART was upregulated in the frontal cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala, medulla oblongata and adrenal gland after the forced swim stress [104].…”

Section: Cart Has a Neurotrophic Role Via Mitochondria And Antioxidanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent progress and concerns in dementia: Distinguishing Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies via biochemical markers in the cerebrospinal fluid

Mao¹

2012

ABC

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Dementia is mainly a neurodegenerative disorder involved in several systems, including central nervous system, endocrinology/metabolism system and circulatory system. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are the most common forms of the dementia, accounting for 60% -80% and 10% -20% of all cases, respectively. DLB is defined by widespread neocortical, limbic and brainstem Lewy bodies but frequently accompanied by variable levels of AD pathology. This pathological and clinical overlap makes their differential diagnosis complicated. Recent advances in the identification of disease biomarkers now make it possible to detect and distinguish their pathology in the early or preclinical stage of the diseases, even in cognitively normal individuals. In addition to the key biomarkers (amyloid β or Aβ, tau and α-synuclein), neurotrophins such as cocaineand amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) have also drawn attention due to their expressions and functions. This article summarizes the progress in the definition, pathology and diagnosis of dementia, with a focus on potential biochemical markers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the differential diagnosis of the main forms of dementia. To prediction or early diagnosis of dementia, the role of specific and sensitive CSF biomarkers seems to be crucial in a routine clinical setting. The concerns and challenges in the biomarker field are also discussed.

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Forced swim stress elicits region-specific changes in CART expression in the stress axis and stress regulatory brain areas

Cited by 26 publications

References 72 publications

Region- and sex-specific changes in CART mRNA in rat hypothalamic nuclei induced by forced swim stress

Region- and sex-specific changes in CART mRNA in rat hypothalamic nuclei induced by forced swim stress

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART): A possible regulator of the stress response

Recent progress and concerns in dementia: Distinguishing Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies via biochemical markers in the cerebrospinal fluid

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