Force Platform Analysis in Clinically Healthy Rottweilers: Comparison with Labrador Retrievers

Mölsä, Sari; Hielm‐Björkman, Anna; Laitinen‐Vapaavuori, Outi

doi:10.1111/j.1532-950x.2010.00651.x

Cited by 46 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Considerable GRF variance is observed in clinical trials with heterogeneous dog populations with regards to weight and conformation (Budsberg et al, 1999; Mölsä et al, 2010). To overcome the problem of population heterogeneity, variance associated with weight, conformation, and velocity must be accounted for to obtain GRF values that are comparable between dogs of different morphology (Voss et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variance associated with the use of relative velocity for force platform gait analysis in a heterogeneous population of clinically normal dogs

Volstad

Nemke

Muir

2016

The Veterinary Journal

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Factors that contribute to variance in ground reaction forces (GRF) include dog morphology, velocity, and trial repetition. Narrow velocity ranges are recommended to minimize variance. In a heterogeneous population, it may be preferable to minimize data variance and efficiently perform force platform gait analysis by evaluation of each individual dog at its preferred velocity, such that dogs are studied at a similar relative velocity (V*). Data from 27 normal dogs were obtained including withers and shoulder height. Each dog was trotted across a force platform at its preferred velocity, with controlled acceleration (±0.5 m/s2). V* ranges were created for withers and shoulder height. Variance effects from 12 trotting velocity ranges and associated V* ranges were examined using repeated-measures analysis-of-covariance. Mean bodyweight was 24.4 ± 7.4 kg. Individual dog, velocity, and V* significantly influenced GRF (P < 0.001). Trial number significantly influenced thoracic limb peak vertical force (PVF) (P < 0.001). Limb effects were not significant. The magnitude of variance effects was greatest for the dog effect. Withers height V* was associated with small GRF variance. Narrow velocity ranges typically captured a smaller percentage of trials and were not consistently associated with lower variance. The withers height V* range of 0.6-1.05 captured the largest proportion of trials (95.9 ± 5.9%) with no significant effects on PVF and vertical impulse. Use of individual velocity ranges derived from a withers height V* range of 0.6-1.05 will account for population heterogeneity while minimizing exacerbation of lameness in clinical trials studying lame dogs by efficient capture of valid trials.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variance associated with the use of relative velocity for force platform gait analysis in a heterogeneous population of clinically normal dogs

Volstad

Nemke

Muir

2016

The Veterinary Journal

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“…This dynamic hampers the use of these parameters in comparisons due to the variability of the data. To walk at the same velocity as large dogs, small dogs require a higher stride frequency [3, 5]. Besides interfering directly in temporal values, such an increase in stride frequency may modify the ratio between stance time and swing time [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One strategy to minimize the variability is to normalize the vertical force with canine body weight [1, 3, 5, 6, 12], but differences in individual size and, consequently, the relative velocity can still interfere with the values [3, 4]. However, a linear relationship may exist between kinetic variables and stride frequency that it is independent of the animal’s size and gait velocity [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kinetic and temporospatial gait parameters in a heterogeneous group of dogs

et al. 2016

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BackgroundA prime concern of the gait analysis in a heterogeneous group of dogs is the potential influence of factors such as individual body size, body mass, type of gait, and velocity. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate in a heterogeneous group of dogs a possible correlation of the stride frequency with kinetic and temporospatial variables, as well as the percentage of body weight distribution (%BWD), and compare symmetry index (SI) between trotting and walking dogs. Twenty-nine clinically healthy dogs moving in a controlled velocity were used. The dogs were organized into two groups based on duty factor. Group 1 comprised 15 walking dogs, aged from 9 months to 8 years and weighing about 22.3 kg. Group 2 had 14 trotting dogs, aged from 1 to 6 years and weighing about 6.5 kg. The kinetic data and temporospatial parameters were obtained using a pressure-sensing walkway. The velocity was 0.9–1.1 m/s. The peak vertical force (PVF), vertical impulse (VI), gait cycle time, stance time, swing time, stride length, and percentages of body weight distribution among the four limbs were determined. For each variable, the SIs were calculated. Pearson’s coefficient was used to evaluate correlation between stride frequency and other variables, initially in each group and after including all animals.ResultsExcept for the %BWD (approximately 60 % for the forelimbs and 40 % for the hind limbs), all other parameters differed between groups. Considering each Group individually a strong correlation was observed for most of the temporospatial parameters, but no significant correlation occurred between stride frequency and PVF, and stride frequency and %BWD. However, including all dogs a strong correlation was observed in all temporospatial parameters, and moderate correlation between stride frequency and VI, and weak correlation between stride frequency and PVF. There was no correlation between stride frequency and %BWD. Groups 1 and 2 did not differ statistically in SIs.ConclusionsIn a heterogeneous group of dogs conducted at a controlled velocity, the %BWD and most of SIs presented low variability. However, %BWD seems to be the most accurate, since factors such as the magnitude of the variables may influence the SIs inducing wrong interpretation. Based on results obtained from correlations, the standardization of stride frequency could be an alternative to minimize the variability of temporospatial parameters.

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“…However, increases in locomotor speed are expected to be coupled with increases in muscle excitation in all of the extrinsic muscles, because with increasing speed the mechanical cost of transport increases (Cavagna et al, 1977;Willems et al, 1995) and the force impulse of a given footfall increases [e.g. in dogs (Budsberg et al, 1987;Rumph et al, 1994;Bertram et al, 2000;Bockstahler et al, 2007;Walter and Carrier, 2007;Mölsa et al, 2010;Voss et al, 2010)]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity of extrinsic limb muscles in dogs at walk, trot and gallop

Deban

Schilling

Carrier

2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYThe extrinsic limb muscles perform locomotor work and must adapt their activity to changes in gait and locomotor speed, which can alter the work performed by, and forces transmitted across, the proximal fulcra of the limbs where these muscles operate. We recorded electromyographic activity of 23 extrinsic forelimb and hindlimb muscles and one trunk muscle in dogs while they walked, trotted and galloped on a level treadmill. Muscle activity indicates that the basic functions of the extrinsic limb musclesprotraction, retraction and trunk support -are conserved among gaits. The forelimb retains its strut-like behavior in all gaits, as indicated by both the relative inactivity of the retractor muscles (e.g. the pectoralis profundus and the latissimus dorsi) during stance and the protractor muscles (e.g. the pectoralis superficialis and the omotransversarius) in the first half of stance. The hindlimb functions as a propulsive lever in all gaits, as revealed by the similar timing of activity of retractors (e.g. the biceps femoris and the gluteus medius) during stance. Excitation increased in many hindlimb muscles in the order walk-trot-gallop, consistent with greater propulsive impulses in faster gaits. Many forelimb muscles, in contrast, showed the greatest excitation at trot, in accord with a shorter limb oscillation period, greater locomotor work performed by the forelimb and presumably greater absorption of collisional energy.

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Force Platform Analysis in Clinically Healthy Rottweilers: Comparison with Labrador Retrievers

Abstract: Conformation and body weight have a significant influence on force platform values and this may cause bias when study results are compared.

Cited by 46 publications

References 28 publications

Variance associated with the use of relative velocity for force platform gait analysis in a heterogeneous population of clinically normal dogs

Variance associated with the use of relative velocity for force platform gait analysis in a heterogeneous population of clinically normal dogs

Kinetic and temporospatial gait parameters in a heterogeneous group of dogs

Activity of extrinsic limb muscles in dogs at walk, trot and gallop

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