Force‐Detected Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Poggio, Martino; Herzog, B.

doi:10.1002/9783527697281.ch13

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…The technique has the unique capability to image the interior of nanometer-scale objects non-invasively and with intrinsic chemical selectivity. Despite a number of further refinements and demonstrations [97,98], improvements in MRFM sensitivity and resolution have stalled in recent years, leaving a number of technical obstacles to be overcome for the technique to become a useful tool for biologists and materials scientists.…”

Section: Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Force sensing with nanowire cantilevers

Braakman

Poggio

2019

Nanotechnology

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Nanometer-scale structures with high aspect ratio such as nanowires and nanotubes combine low mechanical dissipation with high resonance frequencies, making them ideal force transducers and scanning probes in applications requiring the highest sensitivity. Such structures promise record force sensitivities combined with ease of use in scanning probe microscopes. A wide variety of possible material compositions and functionalizations is available, allowing for the sensing of various kinds of forces with optimized sensitivity. In addition, nanowires possess quasi-degenerate mechanical mode doublets, which has allowed the demonstration of sensitive vectorial force and mass detection. These developments have driven researchers to use nanowire cantilevers in various force sensing applications, which include imaging of sample surface topography, detection of optomechanical, electrical, and magnetic forces, and magnetic resonance force microscopy. In this review, we discuss the motivation behind using nanowires as force transducers, explain the methods of force sensing with nanowire cantilevers, and give an overview of the experimental progress and future prospects of the field.

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Section: Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Force sensing with nanowire cantilevers

Braakman

Poggio

2019

Nanotechnology

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“…The timeaveraged current through a vibrating nanotube probes electron-phonon coupling [8][9][10][11] , non-linear dissipation 12 , and mechanical mode mixing 13 on the nanoscale. Timeresolved measurements go further, allowing for the study of transient effects such as spin switching 14,15 , mechanical dephasing 16 , or even force-detected magnetic resonance 17 . Although the low mass favors large electromechanical coupling, the large electrical impedance of nanotube devices makes it difficult to amplify the current signal with high sensitivity and bandwidth, especially since low temperatures are needed to suppress thermal noise.…”

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confidence: 99%

Measuring carbon nanotube vibrations using a single-electron transistor as a fast linear amplifier

Wen

Ares

Pei

et al. 2018

Applied Physics Letters

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We demonstrate sensitive and fast electrical measurements of a carbon nanotube mechanical resonator. The nanotube is configured as a single-electron transistor, whose conductance is a sensitive transducer for its own displacement. Using an impedance-matching circuit followed by a cryogenic amplifier, the vibrations can be monitored at radio frequency. The sensitivity of this continuous displacement measurement approaches within a factor 470 of the standard quantum limit.Suspended carbon nanotubes are mechanical resonators 1 with low mass, high compliance, and high quality factor 2,3 , which makes them sensitive electromechanical detectors for tiny forces 4 and masses 5-7 . The timeaveraged current through a vibrating nanotube probes electron-phonon coupling 8-11 , non-linear dissipation 12 , and mechanical mode mixing 13 on the nanoscale. Timeresolved measurements go further, allowing for the study of transient effects such as spin switching 14,15 , mechanical dephasing 16 , or even force-detected magnetic resonance 17 . Although the low mass favors large electromechanical coupling, the large electrical impedance of nanotube devices makes it difficult to amplify the current signal with high sensitivity and bandwidth, especially since low temperatures are needed to suppress thermal noise.One approach is to downconvert the electromechanical signal to a frequency within the bandwidth of a cryogenic current amplifier, using either two-source mixing or the non-linear conductance of the nanotube itself 18,19 . For fast measurements, parasitic capacitance must be minimised by placing the amplifier close to the resonator. The resulting heat load has usually prevented operation below 1 K 16,19 , although recently such a setup achieved high sensitivity at millikelvin temperatures and with a bandwidth of 87 kHz 20 . A second approach, with higher bandwidth, is to detect the changing capacitance between the vibrating nanotube and a pickup antenna 21 . However, the small size of the pickup antenna means that a large electric field is needed to generate an appreciable signal. A third approach, used for other kinds of nanoscale resonator 22,23 , is to connect the resonator's output directly to a fast amplifier matched to the cable impedance (typically 50 Ω). However, the electrical divider formed between the large impedance of the device and the small impedance of the cable degrades the signal.Here, we demonstrate a circuit that combines sensitivity with high speed by monitoring the electromechanical signal directly, while requiring only a DC bias voltage. The circuit exploits a single-electron transistor (SET) dea) Electronic mail: e.a.laird@lancaster.ac.uk fined within the nanotube as the initial stage of displacement amplification 2,[9][10][11][24][25][26][27] . The SET output current, which depends linearly on displacement, is monitored directly at radio frequency using a low-noise cryogenic radio-frequency (RF) amplifier with MHz bandwidth. To improve the coupling between the SET and the cryogenic amplifier, we use an impe...

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“…This is a paradigmatic model for a quantum probe that interacts with a noise during a finite duration of time. Examples of this can be moving charges or particles that pass near to quantum sensor [76,138,139,[142][143][144], forces or interactions detected by a moving cantilever or tip that contains the sensor [77,129,145], and biomedical applications as the detection of neuronal activity [75,76,78].…”

Section: B Noise Produced Near To a Point Of Timementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, we provide simple interpretations of non-stationary noise spectrums and time-dependent correlations for a broad subclass of local-in-time noises and simple criteria to distinguish Markovian from non-Markovian noise dynamics. We also show how to implement our framework with two paradigmatic nonstationary noises, one derived from a quenched environment where excitations suddenly start spreading over a large number of degrees of freedom [13,50,56,64,74] and the other from a noise that acts near to a point in time [75][76][77][78]. Overall we introduce a tool to characterize and control decoherence effects of out-of-equilibrium environments providing avenues of quantum information processing for the deployment of quantum technologies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Path integral framework for characterizing and controlling decoherence induced by non-stationary environments on a quantum probe

Kuffer¹,

Zwick²,

Álvarez³

2022

Preprint

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Reliable processing of quantum information is a milestone to achieve for the deployment of quantum technologies. Uncontrolled, out-of-equilibrium sources of decoherence need to be characterized in detail for designing the control of quantum devices to mitigate the loss of quantum information. However, quantum sensing of such environments is still a challenge due to their non-stationary nature that in general can generate complex high-order correlations. We here introduce a path integral framework to characterize non-stationary environmental fluctuations by a quantum probe. We found the solution for the decoherence decay of non-stationary, generalized Gaussian processes that induce pure dephasing. This dephasing when expressed in a suitable basis, based on the non-stationary noise eigenmodes, is defined by the overlap of a generalized noise spectral density and a filter function that depends on the control fields. This result thus extends the validity to out-of-equilibrium environments, of the similar general expression for the dephasing of open quantum systems coupled to stationary noises. We show physical insights for a broad subclass of non-stationary noises that are local-in-time, in the sense that the noise correlation functions contain memory based on constraints of the derivatives of the fluctuating noise paths. Spectral and non-Markovian properties are discussed together with implementations of the framework to treat paradigmatic environments that are out-of-equilibrium, e.g. due to a quench and a pulsed noise. We show that our results provide tools for probing the spectral and time-correlation properties, and for mitigating decoherence effects of out-of-equilibrium -non-stationary-environments.

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Force‐Detected Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Cited by 6 publications

References 127 publications

Force sensing with nanowire cantilevers

Force sensing with nanowire cantilevers

Measuring carbon nanotube vibrations using a single-electron transistor as a fast linear amplifier

Path integral framework for characterizing and controlling decoherence induced by non-stationary environments on a quantum probe

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