Foraging behavior of egg parasitoids exploiting chemical information

Fatouros, Nina E.; Dicke, Marcel; Mumm, Roland; Meiners, Torsten; Hilker, Monika

doi:10.1093/beheco/arn011

Cited by 251 publications

(228 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…Plant volatiles emitted in response to herbivory play an important role in the foraging behaviour of larval parasitoids (Turlings & Wäckers 2004). Egg parasitoids have been shown to use cues left by ovipositing females, but evidence is mounting that egg deposition also induces volatile emissions in plants and that egg parasitoids use these volatiles as cues to locate hosts (Fatouros et al 2008). If this is the case for C. insularis as well, the individual fidelity for a plant species could speed up differentiation and may eventually lead to host race formation in this species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The larval parasitoid C. sonorensis, like many others of its kind, relies on volatiles emitted by caterpillar-damaged plants to locate hosts (Elzen et al 1983;McAuslane et al 1991;Tamò et al 2006). Chelonus insularis is an egg-larval parasitoid and could use cues coming directly from the eggs and traces of pheromones or other chemicals left by ovipositing females to locate host eggs, but evidence is mounting that eggs, once deposited on plants, may also trigger the emission of volatiles by plants that attract egg parasitoids (reviewed by Fatouros et al 2008). This dependence on plant-provided signals could facilitate plant specialization in both species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Population genetic structure of two primary parasitoids of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera), Chelonus insularis and Campoletis sonorensis (Hymenoptera): to what extent is the host plant important?

et al. 2010

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Plant chemistry can strongly influence interactions between herbivores and their natural enemies, either by providing volatile compounds that serve as foraging cues for parasitoids or predators, or by affecting the quality of herbivores as hosts or prey. Through these effects plants may influence parasitoid population genetic structure. We tested for a possible specialization on specific crop plants in Chelonus insularis and Campoletis sonorensis, two primary parasitoids of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. Throughout Mexico, S. frugiperda larvae were collected from their main host plants, maize and sorghum and parasitoids that emerged from the larvae were used for subsequent comparison by molecular analysis. Genetic variation at eight and 11 microsatellites were respectively assayed for C. insularis and C. sonorensis to examine isolation by distance, host plant and regional effects. Kinship analyses were also performed to assess female migration among host-plants. The analyses showed considerable within population variation and revealed a significant regional effect. No effect of host plant on population structure of either of the two parasitoid species was found. Isolation by distance was observed at the individual level, but not at the population level. Kinship analyses revealed significantly more genetically related-or kin-individuals on the same plant species than on different plant species, suggesting that locally, mothers preferentially stay on the same plant species. Although the standard population genetics parameters showed no effect of plant species on population structure, the kinship analyses revealed that mothers exhibit plant species fidelity, which may speed up divergence if adaptation were to occur.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population genetic structure of two primary parasitoids of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera), Chelonus insularis and Campoletis sonorensis (Hymenoptera): to what extent is the host plant important?

et al. 2010

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“…Most egg parasitoids are poor disperser and meteorological conditions such as wind, rain or solar radiation infl uence the capacity of these organisms to disperse to fi nd hosts (Fournier & Boivin 2000, Fatouros et al 2008. Some species even respond to changes in barometric pressure by decreasing their propensity to fl y (Fournier et al 2005).…”

Section: The Proxies Adapted To Egg Parasitoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic plasticity and fitness in egg parasitoids

Boivin¹

2010

Neotrop. entomol.

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-Several proxies can be used to estimate the fi tness of egg parasitoids: size, longevity, fecundity, mating ability and vagility. All these proxies are positively correlated with the lifetime fi tness gain of an individual. However, the phenotypic plasticity, which is the ability of a genotype to produce distinct phenotypes depending on environmental conditions, may alter the value of these proxies. Host related factors (host species and quality), competition and duration of development will infl uence the proxies expressed by a given phenotype. When the phenotype is modifi ed by the temperature at which an individual develops, the resulting phenotype will vary based on the life history strategy of the parasitoid. While in koinobiont species an increase in size is positively correlated with longevity and fecundity, the reverse occurs with idiobiont parasitoids. Using size as a proxy could thus be misleading depending on the factors that infl uence the size of the adult.KEY WORDS: Fitness, proxy, reproduction, longevity, phenotype Most optimality models are based on the assumption that organisms optimize some physiological or behavioral characteristics in order to maximize their lifetime fi tness (Stephens & Krebs 1986). Fitness, defi ned here as the success of an individual in passing on copies of its genes to future generations (Bolhuis & Giraldeau 2005), is therefore used as a measure of success and any change in the morphology, physiology or behavior of an animal that increases its lifetime fi tness is expected to be positively selected. This concept is central in behavioral ecology and both direct fi tness and inclusive fi tness are recognized. Direct fi tness refers to the fi tness gained by an individual through the production of its own offspring while inclusive fi tness refers to the sum of the direct fi tness plus the indirect fi tness gained by the reproduction of nondescendant relatives (Krebs & Davies 1997).Insect parasitoids are good organisms to test hypothesis in behavioral ecology as the expression of behaviors associated with host localization and parasitization are directly linked to a gain in fi tness. Indeed, fi nding and successfully parasitizing a host results in additional progeny and therefore in an increase in fi tness (Godfray 1994). Another research area where measures of fi tness are used for parasitoids is applied ecology and in particular biological control (Roitberg et al 2001). When comparing different species or genotypes within a species for their potential in biological control programs, measures of fi tness can be used to assess their capacity to multiply and control a targeted pest.However, measuring directly fi tness is a diffi cult and timeconsuming process. One would have to measure the relative performance of genotypes and quantify their representation in a population over several generations (Hoffman 1994). In general, proxies that give absolute values, such as size, longevity, fecundity etc., are used to approximate the fi tness of an individual. The different...

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“…To locate the tiny eggs of herbivorous host insects in an 'ocean' of plant biomass, egg parasitoids have been shown to employ chemical cues either induced in the plant by host egg deposition or from the adult host stage [i.e., infochemical detour, (2)], whereas only short-range cues emanate from the eggs themselves (3). Plants injured by feeding herbivores often start to release chemical cues that attract predators and parasitoids to effectively defend the plant by killing the herbivores (4,5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Male-derived butterfly anti-aphrodisiac mediates induced indirect plant defense

Fatouros¹,

Broekgaarden

Bukovinszkine’Kiss³

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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110

105

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Plants can recruit parasitic wasps in response to egg deposition by herbivorous insects-a sophisticated indirect plant defense mechanism. Oviposition by the Large Cabbage White butterfly Pieris brassicae on Brussels sprout plants induces phytochemical changes that arrest the egg parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae. Here, we report the identification of an elicitor of such an ovipositioninduced plant response. Eliciting activity was present in accessory gland secretions released by mated female butterflies during egg deposition. In contrast, gland secretions from virgin female butterflies were inactive. In the male ejaculate, P. brassicae females receive the anti-aphrodisiac benzyl cyanide (BC) that reduces the females' attractiveness for subsequent mating. We detected this pheromone in the accessory gland secretion released by mated female butterflies. When applied onto leaves, BC alone induced phytochemical changes that arrested females of the egg parasitoid. Microarray analyses revealed a similarity in induced plant responses that may explain the arrest of T. brassicae to egg-laden and BC-treated plants. Thus, a male-derived compound endangers the offspring of the butterfly by inducing plant defense. Recently, BC was shown to play a role in foraging behavior of T. brassicae, by acting as a cue to facilitate phoretic transport by mated female butterflies to oviposition sites. Our results suggest that the antiaphrodisiac pheromone incurs fitness costs for the butterfly by both mediating phoretic behavior and inducing plant defense.egg parasitoid ͉ elicitor ͉ Trichogramma brassicae ͉ Pieris brassicae ͉ Brussels sprouts C hemical signals play a crucial role in the interactions between herbivorous insects and parasitic wasps (1). To locate the tiny eggs of herbivorous host insects in an 'ocean' of plant biomass, egg parasitoids have been shown to employ chemical cues either induced in the plant by host egg deposition or from the adult host stage [i.e., infochemical detour, (2)], whereas only short-range cues emanate from the eggs themselves (3). Plants injured by feeding herbivores often start to release chemical cues that attract predators and parasitoids to effectively defend the plant by killing the herbivores (4, 5). This indirect plant defense may be triggered by compounds in the regurgitant of the herbivore, allowing the plant to discriminate between mechanical wounding and insect feeding (6-8). Plants can also respond before being damaged by insect feeding. Egg deposition by herbivorous insects induces volatiles attractive to egg parasitoids in tritrophic interactions associated with elm, pine, and bean plants (9). The elicitor of these oviposition-induced parasitoid attractants (synomones) was shown to be located in the oviduct secretion of the female herbivore, which is used to glue eggs onto leaves (10,11).Recent data revealed that egg deposition by Pieris brassicae on Brussels sprouts plants (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera cv. Cyrus) induces chemical changes in the leaf surface that arrest the egg parasi...

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Foraging behavior of egg parasitoids exploiting chemical information

Cited by 251 publications

References 124 publications

Population genetic structure of two primary parasitoids of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera), Chelonus insularis and Campoletis sonorensis (Hymenoptera): to what extent is the host plant important?

Population genetic structure of two primary parasitoids of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera), Chelonus insularis and Campoletis sonorensis (Hymenoptera): to what extent is the host plant important?

Phenotypic plasticity and fitness in egg parasitoids

Male-derived butterfly anti-aphrodisiac mediates induced indirect plant defense

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