Forage Legume-Small Grain Intercrops: Nitrogen Production and Response of Subsequent Corn

Abstract

Frost‐seeding a legume into an established stand of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or interseeding a legume into a small grain at planting has potential to provide the benefits of a legume green manure while still allowing for the harvest of a revenue‐producing crop. Field studies were conducted at three Michigan locations to quantify N accumulation by alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) frost‐seeded into winter wheat or interseeded with oat (A vena sativa L.) and to evaluate the response of a subsequent corn (Zea mays L.) crop to legume and fertilizer N. Cropping sequences included corn following either wheat, wheat frost‐seeded with a legume, oat, or oat interseeded with a legume. Corn was planted either no‐till following wheat or conventionally (moldboard plow) following oat. Frost‐seeding and interseeding alfalfa and red clover had no effect on small grain yield, and stands of alfalfa and red clover were adequate (>13 plants/sq ft) even though N fertilizer had been applied to the small grains. Nitrogen accumulation did not differ among alfalfa or red clover cultivars, and averaged 80, 50, and 116 lb N/acre for alfalfa; and 96, 99, and 176 lb N/acre for red clover frost‐seeded into winter wheat at the three locations. When interseeded with oat, alfalfa contained an average of 44 lb N/acre and red clover contained an average of 33 lb N/acre prior to fall plowing. Corn response to the frost‐seeded legumes differed among locations due primarily to differences in precipitation during the weeks just prior to and following corn planting. When soil water was adequate, corn grain yields following the small grain seeded with a legume were 4 to 62% greater than following the small grain without the legume. With below‐normal precipitation following corn planting, corn grain yields in the legume systems were reduced by 3 to 27%, primarily due to delayed and reduced emergence. Fertilizer replacement values based on grain yield ranged from 0 to 49 lb N/acre for alfalfa and from 0 to 113 lb N/acre for red clover. Response of corn to the preceding legume differed by year, location, and seeding method.

Annual legumes as green manure and forage crops in winter canola (Brassica napus L.) rotations

“…It has been suggested that for an FRV to be valid, the yield of the crop following the legume must be significantly higher than that following a non-legume control when no N fertilizer is used in either system (Hesterman et al 1992). Based on this, FRV of the legumes were non-estimable in our study because winter canola yields following legumes and the non-legume control at the 0 N level were not significantly different in either year.…”

“…Fertilizer replacement values have generally been reported in crops planted the following year after legumes, e.g., in corn seeded in the spring following a legume grown in the previous summer or fall (Hesterman et al 1992). Jeranyama et al (1995) estimated FRV of annual medics as 40 kg N ha -1 in the corn planted the following year.…”

“…Perennial legumes however, may deplete soil moisture and reduce the yield of the succeeding crop (Hesterman et al 1992). Annual medics (Medicago spp.)…”

“…This method has been used to estimate the N benefit of several legumes to subsequent crops (Griffin and Hesterman 1991;Hesterman et al 1992;Torbert et al 1996). However, information does not exist on the FRV of annual medics and berseem clover on the subsequent winter canola crop.…”

Remote sensing to monitor cover crop adoption in southeastern Pennsylvania

“…New local techniques used for cover crop establishment include interseeding into young standing corn using a specialized interseeder that also side-dresses fertilizer and applies herbicide, or interseeding in chest-high corn with a highboy applicator that drops cover crop seeds between standing rows of corn. Frost seeding red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) into standing wheat or barley in February or March (Hesterman et al 1992) is a method used to establish a leguminous cover crop that will occupy the field after small grain harvest. Relatively new cover crops such as forage radish (Raphanus sativus L.), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.…”