“…Cycles of violence in Iraq, the sectarianisation of the Arab uprisings in the Gulf, descent into civil war in Syria and Yemen, the rise of the Islamic State movement, and Saudi-Iranian rivalry have directed the geographical focus of such attention predominantly to the Middle East. Beyond this region, some consideration has been paid to the situation in South Asia (inter alia, Zaman, 1998;Ali, 2010), South-East Asia (Formichi, 2014;Muwahidah, 2016) and Africa Journal of Muslims in Europe 12 (2023) 1-14 (Thurston, 2021;Vahed, 2022). In contrast, Sunni-Shi'a relations in Europe remain understudied.…”