Foot strike patterns of recreational and sub-elite runners in a long-distance road race

Larson, Peter M.; Higgins, Erin E.; Kaminski, Justin; Decker, Tamara; Preble, Janine M.; Lyons, Daniela; McIntyre, Kevin M.; Normile, Adam

doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.610347

Cited by 248 publications

(261 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…These results are in good agreement with previous studies in terms of: the distribution of RFS-MFS-FFS runners at long-distance velocities [5][6][7][8]; the shift away from RFS towards MFS and FFS at velocities ≥5 m·s -1 [10,11]; and partially with the distribution of RFS-MFS-FFS runners at middle-distance velocities [9].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

“…[5]. Studies on long-distance runners of varying ability have reported that 75-99% RFS, 0-24% MFS, and the remaining 0-2% FFS [5][6][7][8]. Thus, the majority of long-distance runners RFS, while differences in the prevalence of MFS are most likely due to the subjective nature of the discrete classification method and, in particular, the difficulty in distinguishing between MFS and FFS (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of running velocity on footstrike angle – A curve-clustering approach

Forrester

Townend

2015

Gait & Posture

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Citation: FORRESTER, S.E. and TOWNEND, J., 2015. The effect of running velocity on footstrike angle -a curve-clustering approach. Gait and Posture, 41 (1), pp. 26 -32.Additional Information:• NOTICE: this is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in Gait and Posture. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Gait -1 -

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of running velocity on footstrike angle – A curve-clustering approach

Forrester

Townend

2015

Gait & Posture

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“…Sample size was based on studies in which researchers 5,17 compared running biomechanics between minimalist and conventional shoes. We included only participants who were 18 to 40 years old, trained with conventional running shoes, were habitual RF runners (typical of 89% of runners), 18 had a weekly training distance of 15 km or more, and had no experience with running in minimalist shoes. We excluded participants with a musculoskeletal injury sustained less than 3 months before the study.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Redistribution of Mechanical Work at the Knee and Ankle Joints During Fast Running in Minimalist Shoes

Fuller

Buckley

Tsiros

et al. 2016

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Minimalist shoes have been suggested as a way to alter running biomechanics to improve running performance and reduce injuries. However, to date, researchers have only considered the effect of minimalist shoes at slow running speeds.Objective: To determine if runners change foot-strike pattern and alter the distribution of mechanical work at the knee and ankle joints when running at a fast speed in minimalist shoes compared with conventional running shoes.Design: Crossover study. Setting: Research laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-six trained runners (age ¼ 30.0 6 7.9 years [age range, 18À40 years], height ¼ 1.79 6 0.06 m, mass ¼ 75.3 6 8.2 kg, weekly training distance ¼ 27 6 15 km) who ran with a habitual rearfoot foot-strike pattern and had no experience running in minimalist shoes.Intervention(s): Participants completed overground running trials at 18 km/h in minimalist and conventional shoes.Main Outcome Measure(s): Sagittal-plane kinematics and joint work at the knee and ankle joints were computed using 3-dimensional kinematic and ground reaction force data. Footstrike pattern was classified as rearfoot, midfoot, or forefoot strike based on strike index and ankle angle at initial contact.Results Conclusions: Running in minimalist shoes at a fast speed caused a redistribution of work from the knee to the ankle joint. This finding suggests that runners changing from conventional to minimalist shoes for short-distance races could be at an increased risk of ankle and calf injuries but a reduced risk of knee injuries.

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“…6 Greater braking forces also have been associated with tibial stress fracture. 7,8 Several biomechanical researchers [9][10][11][12] have observed that most runners demonstrate a rear-foot-strike pattern. Rearfoot-strike running, with the heel making initial contact with the ground, has been associated with greater knee-joint loading 13 and greater initial vertical-loading rates than running with a more anterior-foot-strike pattern.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Self-Reported Foot-Strike Patterns Among Runners in Traditional and Minimalist Shoes

Goss¹,

Lewek²,

Yu³

et al. 2015

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context:The injury incidence rate among runners is approximately 50%. Some individuals have advocated using an anterior-foot-strike pattern to reduce ground reaction forces and injury rates that they attribute to a rear-foot-strike pattern. The proportion of minimalist shoe wearers who adopt an anterior-foot-strike pattern remains unclear.Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of self-reported footstrike patterns, compare negative ankle-and knee-joint angular work among runners using different foot-strike patterns and wearing traditional or minimalist shoes, and describe average vertical-loading rates.Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Setting: Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 60 healthy volunteers (37 men, 23 women; age ¼ 34.9 6 8.9 years, height ¼ 1.74 6 0.08 m, mass ¼ 70.9 6 13.4 kg) with more than 6 months of experience wearing traditional or minimalist shoes were instructed to classify their foot-strike patterns.Intervention(s): Participants ran in their preferred shoes on an instrumented treadmill with 3-dimensional motion capture.Main Outcome Measure(s): Self-reported foot-strike patterns were compared with 2-dimensional video assessments.Runners were classified into 3 groups based on video assessment: traditional-shoe rear-foot strikers (TSR; n ¼ 22), minimalist-shoe anterior-foot strikers (MSA; n ¼ 21), and minimalist-shoe rear-foot strikers (MSR; n ¼ 17). Ankle and knee negative angular work and average vertical-loading rates during stance phase were compared among groups.Results: Only 41 (68.3%) runners reported foot-strike patterns that agreed with the video assessment (j ¼ 0.42, P , .001). The TSR runners demonstrated greater ankle-dorsiflexion and knee-extension negative work than MSA and MSR runners (P , .05). The MSA (P , .001) and MSR (P ¼ .01) runners demonstrated greater ankle plantar-flexion negative work than TSR runners. The MSR runners demonstrated a greater average vertical-loading rate than MSA and TSR runners (P , .001).Conclusions: Runners often cannot report their foot-strike patterns accurately and may not automatically adopt an anterior-foot-strike pattern after transitioning to minimalist running shoes.Key Words: barefoot running, ground reaction forces, negative work, loading rate Key PointsAccuracy of self-reported foot-strike patterns for runners wearing minimalist running shoes was poor. A cohort of runners who wore minimalist shoes for at least 6 months demonstrated a rear-foot-strike pattern and potentially injurious ground reaction force rates of loading. Runners using a rear-foot-strike pattern and wearing traditional shoes demonstrated more overall knee excursion, greater knee-extension negative work, and greater ankle-dorsiflexion negative work than runners wearing minimalist shoes, regardless of foot-strike pattern.

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Foot strike patterns of recreational and sub-elite runners in a long-distance road race

Cited by 248 publications

References 36 publications

The effect of running velocity on footstrike angle – A curve-clustering approach

The effect of running velocity on footstrike angle – A curve-clustering approach

Redistribution of Mechanical Work at the Knee and Ankle Joints During Fast Running in Minimalist Shoes

Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Self-Reported Foot-Strike Patterns Among Runners in Traditional and Minimalist Shoes

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