Foot speed, foot-strike and footwear:linking gait mechanics and running ground reaction forces

Clark, Kenneth P.; Ryan, Laurence J.; Weyand, Peter G.

doi:10.1242/jeb.099523

Cited by 53 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In humans, this kinematic asymmetry seemingly results from elastic ankle function [44]. The kinetic asymmetry observed in human running is mostly explained by the impact forces at TD [45,46]. In contrast, in quail, the impact is much lower owing to the absence of flight phases, the low mass of the highly compliant avian foot and the aperture angle [8,9].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trunk orientation causes asymmetries in leg function in small bird terrestrial locomotion

et al. 2014

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In contrast to the upright trunk in humans, trunk orientation in most birds is almost horizontal (pronograde). It is conceivable that the orientation of the heavy trunk strongly influences the dynamics of bipedal terrestrial locomotion. Here, we analyse for the first time the effects of a pronograde trunk orientation on leg function and stability during bipedal locomotion. For this, we first inferred the leg function and trunk control strategy applied by a generalized small bird during terrestrial locomotion by analysing synchronously recorded kinematic (three-dimensional X-ray videography) and kinetic (three-dimensional force measurement) quail locomotion data. Then, by simulating quail gaits using a simplistic bioinspired numerical model which made use of parameters obtained in in vivo experiments with real quail, we show that the observed asymmetric leg function (left-skewed ground reaction force and longer leg at touchdown than at lift-off) is necessary for pronograde steady-state locomotion. In addition, steady-state locomotion becomes stable for specific morphological parameters. For quail-like parameters, the most common stable solution is grounded running, a gait preferred by quail and most of the other small birds. We hypothesize that stability of bipedal locomotion is a functional demand that, depending on trunk orientation and centre of mass location, constrains basic hind limb morphology and function, such as leg length, leg stiffness and leg damping.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trunk orientation causes asymmetries in leg function in small bird terrestrial locomotion

et al. 2014

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“…This study investigated only sagittal plane mechanics during the stance phase of locomotion. However, because both the swing phase [44] and secondary plane mechanics [45] can also affect locomotion performance, the role of these should be considered in future studies in different age groups. In addition, the participants in this study were males in excellent physical condition.…”

Section: Future Studies and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Which muscles compromise human locomotor performance with age?

Kulmala

Korhonen

Kuitunen

et al. 2014

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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Ageing leads to a progressive decline in human locomotor performance. However, it is not known whether this decline results from reduced joint moment and power generation of all lower limb muscle groups or just some of them. To further our understanding of age-related locomotor decline, we compare the amounts of joint moments and powers generated by lower limb muscles during walking (self-selected), running (4 m s 21) and sprinting (maximal speed) among young, middle-aged and old adults. We find that age-related deficit in ankle plantarflexor moment and power generation becomes more severe as locomotion change from walking to running to sprinting. As a result, old adults generate more power at the knee and hip extensors than their younger counterparts when walking and running at the same speed. During maximal sprinting, young adults with faster top speeds demonstrate greater moments and powers from the ankle and hip joints, but interestingly, not from the knee joint when compared with the middle-aged and old adults. These findings indicate that propulsive deficit of ankle contributes most to the age-related locomotor decline. In addition, reduced muscular output from the hip rather than from knee limits the sprinting performance in older age.

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“…An alternative way of modelling of the F VGRF generated by heel-strike runners should be proposed. This alternative method may be the method presented in [18][19][20]. This could also be the model proposed by the author and based on the half-sine model.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another method of the VGRF modelling has been presented in [19,20]. In the model, the runner's body was divided into two masses: m 1 -the mass of the lower limb which contacts with the ground during running (m 1 = 0.08 G, where: G-total body mass of the runner)-and m 2 -the mass of the rest of the runner's body (m 2 = 0.92 G).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ground Reaction Forces Generated by Runners—Harmonic Analyses and Modelling

Pańtak

2020

Applied Sciences

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Building structures carrying pedestrian traffic, e.g., footbridges, long-span floors and long cantilevered platforms projecting outwards from the walls (long balconies), can be susceptible to the dynamic influence of its users. One type of dynamic action that can occur on these structures is the dynamic action of people running. The main aim of this paper is to present the results of the harmonic analyses and mathematical models of two types of ground reaction forces (GRFs) generated by people applying different running techniques, i.e., forefoot- and heel-strike (rearfoot) running technique. The analyses of the GRFs were performed on the basis of the results of laboratory tests of running people and concern the vertical component of the ground reaction forces (VGRFs) generated by runners. The harmonic analyses were performed using Fourier transform. The results of the study show the main features and differences between forces generated by forefoot- and heel-strike runners. Data obtained for various running styles allowed the development of a load model proposal for the VGRFs generated by heel-strike runners. The results of the VGRF parameterization and the proposed new VGRF model allow the VGRFs generated by forefoot and heel-strike runners to be accurately estimated in the case of normal running pace (recreational running). The application of the presented results allows improvements to the accuracy of determining the dynamic response of structures induced by runners.

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Foot speed, foot-strike and footwear:linking gait mechanics and running ground reaction forces

Cited by 53 publications

References 29 publications

Trunk orientation causes asymmetries in leg function in small bird terrestrial locomotion

Trunk orientation causes asymmetries in leg function in small bird terrestrial locomotion

Which muscles compromise human locomotor performance with age?

Ground Reaction Forces Generated by Runners—Harmonic Analyses and Modelling

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