Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Typing by Complement Fixation and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay using Monovalent and Polyvalent Antisera

Alonso, A.; Martins, Maurício A.; Penha, D. Gomes Maria da; Allende, Rossana; Söndahl, M. S.

doi:10.1177/104063879200400304

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The phasing out of the CFT in the region demonstrates a move towards more modern methods, which is also evident from the five NRLs already using or introducing PCR. Only three NRLs used VI despite this being about as sensitive as PCR [31,46], most likely for the same reasons as for not using VNT. Equally few NRLs (3) used real time and/or conventional RT-PCR in routine diagnosis, which accords with findings in another endemic country, Brazil, where limited use was attributed to lack of infrastructure, high cost and anticipated problems of maintaining technically complicated and service-demanding PCR machines [31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory capacity for diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease in Eastern Africa: implications for the progressive control pathway

et al. 2013

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BackgroundAccurate diagnosis is pertinent to any disease control programme. If Eastern Africa is to work towards control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) using the Progressive Control Pathway for FMD (PCP-FMD) as a tool, then the capacity of national reference laboratories (NRLs) mandated to diagnose FMD should match this task. This study assessed the laboratory capacity of 14 NRLs of the Eastern Africa Region Laboratory Network member countries using a semi-structured questionnaire and retrospective data from the World Reference Laboratory for FMD annual reports and Genbank® through National Centre for Biotechnology Information for the period 2006–2010.ResultsThe questionnaire response rate was 13/14 (93%). Twelve out of the 13 countries/regions had experienced at least one outbreak in the relevant five year period. Only two countries (Ethiopia and Kenya) had laboratories at biosecurity level 3 and only three (Ethiopia, Kenya and Sudan) had identified FMD virus serotypes for all reported outbreaks. Based on their own country/region assessment, 12/13 of these countries /regions were below stage 3 of the PCP-FMD. Quarantine (77%) and vaccination (54%) were the major FMD control strategies employed. The majority (12/13) of the NRLs used serological techniques to diagnose FMD, seven used antigen ELISA and three of these (25%) also used molecular techniques which were the tests most frequently requested from collaborating laboratories by the majority (69%) of the NRLs. Only 4/13 (31%) participated in proficiency testing for FMD. Four (31%) laboratories had no quality management systems (QMS) in place and where QMS existed it was still deficient, thus, none of the laboratories had achieved accreditation for FMD diagnosis.ConclusionsThis study indicates that FMD diagnostic capacity in Eastern Africa is still inadequate and largely depends on antigen and antibody ELISAs techniques undertaken by the NRLs. Hence, for the region to progress on the PCP-FMD, there is need to: implement regional control measures, improve the serological diagnostic test performance and laboratory capacity of the NRLs (including training of personnel as well as upgrading of equipment and methods, especially strengthening the molecular diagnostic capacity), and to establish a regional reference laboratory to enforce QMS and characterization of FMD virus containing samples.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory capacity for diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease in Eastern Africa: implications for the progressive control pathway

et al. 2013

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“…The test was used for typing of the FMDV isolates obtained from samples from naturally infected buffalo cow using protocols described by Alonso et al [26,27]. Guinea pig hyper immune sera against seven FMDV serotypes, were supplied by WRL for FMD in Pirbright Institute, United Kingdom.…”

Section: Antigen Detection Complement Fixation Test (Cft)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Virological and immunological studies on foot and mouth disease virus type SAT2 naturally infected and vaccinated buffalo cows and their calves

Ibrahim¹,

Soliman²,

ElAshmawy³

2014

Vet World

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“…The disease agent of FMD belongs to the picorna virus family [7]. There are seven known serotypes of FMD virus which vary according to geographical region [35,1]. The serotypes of FMD are classified as: (a) European types O, A and C; (b) African types STA 1, STA 2 and STA 3 and (c) Asian type Asia 1 [12,13], and there are several (more than 60) subtypes of the virus [1,2,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics and control of foot-and-mouth disease in endemic countries: A pair approximation model

Ringa

Bauch

2014

Journal of Theoretical Biology

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Previous mathematical models of spatial farm-to-farm transmission of foot and mouth disease (FMD) have explored the impacts of control measures such as culling and vaccination during a single outbreak in a country normally free of FMD. As a result, these models do not include factors that are relevant to countries where FMD is endemic in some regions, like long-term waning natural and vaccine immunity, use of prophylactic vaccination and disease re-importations. These factors may have implications for disease dynamics and control, yet few models have been developed for FMD-endemic settings. Here we develop and study an SEIRV (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered-vaccinated) pair approximation model of FMD. We focus on long term dynamics by exploring characteristics of repeated outbreaks of FMD and their dependence on disease re-importation, loss of natural immunity, and vaccine waning. We find that the effectiveness of ring and prophylactic vaccination strongly depends on duration of natural immunity, rate of vaccine waning, and disease re-introduction rate. However, the number and magnitude of FMD outbreaks are generally more sensitive to the duration of natural immunity than the duration of vaccine immunity. If loss of natural immunity and/or vaccine waning happen rapidly, then multiple epidemic outbreaks result, making it difficult to eliminate the disease. Prophylactic vaccination is more effective than ring vaccination, at the same per capita vaccination rate. Finally, more frequent disease re-importation causes a higher cumulative number of infections, although a lower average epidemic peak. Our analysis demonstrates significant differences between dynamics in FMD-free settings versus FMD-endemic settings, and that dynamics in FMD-endemic settings can vary widely depending on factors such as the duration of natural and vaccine immunity and the rate of disease re-importations. We conclude that more mathematical models tailored to FMD-endemic countries should be developed that include these factors.

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Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Typing by Complement Fixation and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay using Monovalent and Polyvalent Antisera

Cited by 19 publications

References 11 publications

Laboratory capacity for diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease in Eastern Africa: implications for the progressive control pathway

Laboratory capacity for diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease in Eastern Africa: implications for the progressive control pathway

Virological and immunological studies on foot and mouth disease virus type SAT2 naturally infected and vaccinated buffalo cows and their calves

Dynamics and control of foot-and-mouth disease in endemic countries: A pair approximation model

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