Foot-and-mouth disease: past, present and future

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals including cattle, pigs, sheep and many wildlife species. It can cause enormous economic losses when incursions occur into countries which are normally disease free. In addition, it has long-term effects within countries where the disease is endemic due to reduced animal productivity and the restrictions on international trade in animal products. The disease is caused by infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), a picornavirus. Seven different serotypes (and numerous variants) of FMDV have been identified. Some serotypes have a restricted geographical distribution, e.g. Asia-1, whereas others, notably serotype O, occur in many different regions. There is no cross-protection between serotypes and sometimes protection conferred by vaccines even of the same serotype can be limited. Thus it is important to characterize the viruses that are circulating if vaccination is being used for disease control. This review describes current methods for the detection and characterization of FMDVs. Sequence information is increasingly being used for identifying the source of outbreaks. In addition such information can be used to understand antigenic change within virus strains. The challenges and opportunities for improving the control of the disease within endemic settings, with a focus on Eurasia, are discussed, including the role of the FAO/EuFMD/OIE Progressive Control Pathway. Better control of the disease in endemic areas reduces the risk of incursions into disease-free regions.

Novel Transgenic Rice-Based Vaccines

“…Foot-and-mouth disease causes a contagious vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals (Jamal and Belsham 2013). Recently, rice-based vaccines against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) were reported (Wang et al 2009(Wang et al , 2012.…”

Antiviral Activity of Alhagi maurorum Medik’s Methanolic Extract on Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) in Cell Cultures

“…The disease's clinical symptoms in vulnerable species are fever; vesicular lesions in the mouth, feet, muzzle, and teats; and lameness (2). The etiologic agent, the FMD virus (FMDV), belongs to the Aphtovirus genus from the Picornaviridea family.…”

Bovine Mx1 enables resistance against foot-and-mouth disease virus in naturally susceptible cells by inhibiting the replication of viral RNA

“…FMD is a highly contagious and economically important agent of cloven-hoofed animals, aff ecting cattle, swine, and sheep, as well as a large number of wildlife species (Dotzauer and Kraemer, 2012). Outbreaks of FMD have occurred in every livestock-containing region of the world with the exception of New Zealand (Dias et al, 2012;Jamal and Belsham, 2013). Th e etiological agent of FMD is foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), which is the type species of the Aphthovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family (Domingo et al, 2003).…”