Foodstuffs Analysis, Nonvolatile Acids of Blueberries

Markakis, P.; Jarczyk, A.; Krishna, S. S.

doi:10.1021/jf60125a002

Cited by 28 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Barker and Solomos (2) also found a marked increase in malic acid during banana ripening. In other fruits, nmalic aci'l concentrations tend to fall (luring ripening and storage (10,11,14), although there is one report that the malic acid concentration increases several fold (luring the ripening of apricots and cherries (26).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Acids in the Ripening Banana Fruit

Wyman¹,

Palmer²

1964

Plant Physiol.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Acids in the Ripening Banana Fruit

Wyman¹,

Palmer²

1964

Plant Physiol.

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“…The notable antifungal activities present in tissue extracts of the FL species, V. macrocarpon, A. uvaursi, and G. procumbens, have been attributed to phenolic constituents (Morse 1930, Constantine et al 1966, Papas et al 1966, Graham et al 196 7, Swartz and Medrick 1968, Frohne 1969, Matzner 1971, Mitscher 197 5, Schwarz and Boone 1985. And, although antifungal agents are unreported for SS fruits, several small phenolics have been shown to increase with ripening in commercial blueberries, including caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and myricetin (Markakis et al 1963, Makus and Ballinger 1973, Stohr and Herrmann 1975, Starke and Hermann 1976. To our knowledge, the relative direct and interactive effects of these compounds on fungi and vertebrate dispersers have not been determined.…”

Section: Fungal Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fruit Rot, Antifungal Defense, and Palatability of Fleshy Fruits for Frugivorous Birds

Cipollini¹,

Stiles²

1993

Ecology

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We tested several predictions concerning fungal rot and antifungal defense of vertebrate-dispersed fruit. ( 1) Fungal fruit rot should be generally deterrent to frugivores. But because fungi may vary in their negative effects, antifungal defenses should be allocated in relationship to net effects of particular species on dispersal. (2) Defenses of fruits under selection for high palatability should be directed primarily toward microbes ("microbespecific" defenses). Lower quality fruits, for which high palatability is not crucial to dispersal, may be defended by more general defenses.(3) Preferred fruits should be defended to a lower degree than less preferred fruits, as a result of consistently high dispersal rates (Removal Rate model).We tested our hypotheses using real fruits and artificial-pulp media of six temperate ericaceous plants in feeding trials with captive birds and in fungal growth trials. Plants had been assigned to two temperate fruiting classes (Summer Small-seeded, SS, or Fall Lowquality, FL), and differed in ripening phenology, persistence times, and fungal resistance in the field. We compared feeding rates on fruits rotted by members of a suite of fruit rot fungi. We also determined feeding rates on artificial-pulp media that either contained ripe fruit extracts or did not, and we determined fungal growth rates on identical media. We found that: ( 1) fungal species depressed feeding rates in general accordance with their reported vertebrate toxicity. Relative to nontoxic fungi, toxic fungi were inhibited more strongly by secondary fruit pulp extracts. (2) Artificial-pulp media ofSS fruits were preferred in feeding trials, due both to basic nutritional composition and nondeterrent (microbespecific) secondary defense. (3) In accordance with the Removal-Rate model, artificial-pulp media of the preferred SS fruits showed significant antifungal activity, but at a much lower level than that of FL fruits. Our results suggest that a primary function of secondary chemicals in ripe fruits may be to defend against destructive fungi that compete with seed dispersers for the pulp. Our results generally support the hypothesis that selective pressures may result in ripe fruit defenses that are directed primarily against organisms having strong negative effects upon dispersal. As such, factors influencing risk of pulp consumption by nondispersers may be useful predictors of fruit defense patterns.

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“…Markakis et al (1963) identified 16 organic acids in highbush bluberries and found the predominant to be citric, malic, quinic, and chlorogenic (a phenolic acid) at percentages averaging 70,7,4, and 16%, respectively. Kushman & Ballinger (1968) found on average 95% citric and 1-2% each of quinic acid and malic acid in ripe 'Wolcott' fruit.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%