Foods to deliver immune-supporting nutrients

Calder, Philip C.

doi:10.1016/j.cofs.2021.12.006

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(101 reference statements)

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“…Dietary patterns termed “nutrient-dense dietary patterns” in adults and older adults, which involved a higher consumption of vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, whole grains, unsaturated vegetable oils, fish, and lean meat or poultry, were associated with a decreased risk of all-cause mortality [ 56 , 57 ]. The intake of a plant-based diet was associated with 59% lower odds of moderate-to-severe COVID-19 severity [ 58 ] and a lower risk of COVID-19 infection [ 59 ]. The plant-based natural products used to cure patients infected with COVID-19 were reviewed [ 60 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Nutritional Intakes in Japan and the United States on COVID-19 Infection

Kagawa

2022

Nutrients

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The U.S. and Japan are both democratic industrialized societies, but the numbers of COVID-19 cases and deaths per million people in the U.S. (including Japanese Americans) are 12.1-times and 17.4-times higher, respectively, than those in Japan. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of diet on preventing COVID-19 infection. An analysis of dietary intake and the prevalence of obesity in the populations of both countries was performed, and their effects on COVID-19 infection were examined. Approximately 1.5-times more saturated fat and less eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid are consumed in the U.S. than in Japan. Compared with food intakes in Japan (100%), those in the U.S. were as follows: beef 396%, sugar and sweeteners 235%, fish 44.3%, rice 11.5%, soybeans 0.5%, and tea 54.7%. The last four of these foods contain functional substances that prevent COVID-19. The prevalence of obesity is 7.4- and 10-times greater in the U.S. than in Japan for males and females, respectively. Mendelian randomization established a causal relationship between obesity and COVID-19 infection. Large differences in nutrient intakes and the prevalence of obesity, but not racial differences, may be partly responsible for differences in the incidence and mortality of COVID-19 between the U.S. and Japan.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Nutritional Intakes in Japan and the United States on COVID-19 Infection

Kagawa

2022

Nutrients

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“…The relationship between adequate nutritional status and immune function has been well described [13,14]. Many vitamins and trace minerals are well-known to help ensure an optimal immune response to infection.…”

Section: Micronutrient Nutrition and Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many vitamins and trace minerals are well-known to help ensure an optimal immune response to infection. The key mechanistic and complementary roles that vitamins (e.g., vitamins A, B 6 , B12, C, D, E and K and folate) and trace elements (e.g., zinc, iron, selenium, and copper) play in supporting the innate and adaptive immune responses have been comprehensively reviewed recently [13][14][15][16]. Briefly, preclinical and clinical data indicate roles for specific micronutrients in maintaining the physical barriers in the skin, gastrointestinal, and respiratory tracts (e.g., promoting collagen synthesis and promoting tight junction protein expression); supporting the cells and functions of the innate and inflammatory responses (e.g., oxidative burst, phagocytosis, production of complement proteins and proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and activity of natural killer cells); and supporting the cells and functions of the adaptive immune response (e.g., antigen presentation; T-cell differentiation, proliferation, and function; and B-cell differentiation and antibody production).…”

Section: Micronutrient Nutrition and Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, when 25(OH)D levels in the blood are insufficient or deficient, immune responses can be limited, potentially leading to increased incidence and severity of disease. Overall, vitamin D positively impacts immunity by supporting barrier function; supporting the differentiation of monocytes to macrophages, as well as the phagocytic and killing capacities of these macrophages; supporting antigen presentation; modulating the inflammatory response, typically by reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines; and impacting antibody production and the activities of various T-cell subsets [13,14,21,22].…”

Section: Micronutrient Nutrition and Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Population-based cohort studies investigating associations between regular use of vitamin D supplements and subsequent risk of COVID-19 have yielded mixed results [30][31][32][33][34], although meta-analyses report protective associations overall [28,35]. Deficiency in other micronutrients is also described to be associated with an increased incidence and/or severity of infectious disease [13,14].…”

Section: Micronutrient Nutrition and Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Micronutrients to Support Vaccine Immunogenicity and Efficacy

et al. 2022

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The world has entered the third year of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Vaccination is the primary public health strategy to protect against infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in addition to other measures, such as mask wearing and social distancing. Vaccination has reduced COVID-19 severity and mortality dramatically. Nevertheless, incidence globally remains high, and certain populations are still at risk for severe outcomes. Additional strategies to support immunity, including potentially enhancing the response to vaccination, are needed. Many vitamins and trace minerals have recognized immunomodulatory actions, and their status and/or supplementation have been reported to correspond to the incidence and severity of infection. Furthermore, a variety of observational and some interventional studies report that adequate micronutrient status or micronutrient supplementation is associated with enhanced vaccine responses, including to COVID-19 vaccination. Such data suggest that micronutrient supplementation may hold the potential to improve vaccine immunogenicity and effectiveness, although additional interventional studies to further strengthen the existing evidence are needed. Positive findings from such research could have important implications for global public health, since deficiencies in several micronutrients that support immune function are prevalent in numerous settings, and supplementation can be implemented safely and inexpensively.

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