Foods contributing to sodium intake and urinary sodium excretion in a group of Australian women

Keogh, Jennifer B.; Lange, Kylie; Hogarth, Rebecca; Clifton, Peter M.

doi:10.1017/s1368980012004016

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…QSR-derived pizza, burgers, chicken dishes, and Mexican foods individually contributed smaller amounts that added up to a maximum ranging from about 4% to 12%, depending on age. The present results are consistent with past analyses of the major sodium food sources in Australia [16], Canada [24], France [25] and the US [22]. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Sodium Intakes of US Children and Adults from Foods and Beverages by Location of Origin and by Specific Food Source

Drewnowski

Rehm

2013

Nutrients

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Sodium intakes, from foods and beverages, of 22,852 persons in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES 2003–2008) were examined by specific food source and by food location of origin. Analyses were based on a single 24-h recall. Separate analyses were conducted for children (6–11 years of age), adolescents (12–19), and adults (20–50 and ≥51 years). Grouping of like foods (e.g., food sources) used a scheme proposed by the National Cancer Institute, which divides foods/beverages into 96 food subgroups (e.g., pizza, yeast breads or cold cuts). Food locations of origin were stores (e.g., grocery, convenience and specialty stores), quick-service restaurant/pizza (QSR), full-service restaurant (FSR), school, or other. Food locations of sodium were also evaluated by race/ethnicity amongst adults. Stores provided between 58.1% and 65.2% of dietary sodium, whereas QSR and FSR together provided between 18.9% and 31.8% depending on age. The proportion of sodium from QSR varied from 10.1% to 19.9%, whereas that from FSR varied from 3.4% to 13.3%. School meals provided 10.4% of sodium for 6–11 year olds and 6.0% for 12–19 year olds. Pizza from QSR, the top away from home food item, provided 5.4% of sodium in adolescents. QSR pizza, chicken, burgers and Mexican dishes combined provided 7.8% of total sodium in adult diets. Most sodium came from foods purchased in stores. Food manufacturers, restaurants, and grocery stores all have a role to play in reducing the amount of sodium in the American diet.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Food codes representing similar foods—such as the various types of pasta dishes—were combined to provide an indication of how much sodium was provided by that food group to the total diet. Previous analyses have explored the sodium content of processed foods in the United Kingdom [14] and in Australia [15,16]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium Intakes of US Children and Adults from Foods and Beverages by Location of Origin and by Specific Food Source

Drewnowski

Rehm

2013

Nutrients

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“…This final best estimate is more than 50 % greater than the 6·2 g/d initially reported by the AHS and far above the WHO's recommended maximum of 5 g/d. A 9·9 g/d estimate of average salt intake aligns more closely with the first ever report of salt consumption in Australia made using 24 h urine samples (11) and a number of other studies conducted since, which report average consumption levels of 8-9 g/d without adjustment for nonurinary salt losses (7)(8)(9)(10) . The most recent large study to report for the State of Victoria showed comparable results and no change in mean population salt consumption between 2011 and 2014 (9) .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Dietary salt intake in the Australian population

Santos¹,

Webster²,

Land³

et al. 2017

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To update the estimate of mean salt intake for the Australian population made by the Australian Health Survey (AHS). Design: A secondary analysis of the data collected in a cross-sectional survey was conducted. Estimates of salt intake were made in Lithgow using the 24 h diet recall methodology employed by the AHS as well as using 24 h urine collections. The data from the Lithgow sample were age-and sex-weighted, to provide estimates of daily salt intake for the Australian population based upon (i) the diet recall data and (ii) the 24 h urine samples. Setting: Lithgow, New South Wales, Australia. Subjects: Individuals aged ≥20 years residing in Lithgow and listed on the 2009 federal electoral roll. Results: Mean (95 % CI) salt intake estimated from the 24 h diet recalls was 6·4 (6·2, 6·7) g/d for the Lithgow population compared with a corresponding figure of 6·2 g/d for the Australian population derived from the AHS. The corresponding estimate of salt intake for Lithgow adults based upon the 24 h urine collections was 9·0 (8·6, 9·4) g/d. When the age-and sex-specific estimates of salt intake obtained from the 24 h urine collections in the Lithgow sample were weighted using Australian census data, estimated salt intake for the Australian population was 9·0 (8·6, 9·5) g/d. Further adjustment for non-urinary Na excretion made the best estimate of daily salt intake for both Lithgow and Australia about 9·9 g/d. Conclusions: The dietary recall method used by the AHS likely substantially underestimated mean population salt consumption in Australia.

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“…In Australia, studies using the objective measure of 24 h urine collections to assess daily salt intake have generally been conducted on convenience samples of adults. Studies published between 2003 and 2011 indicate average intakes of between 7.0 g/salt/day for women and 9.6 g/salt/day for men (expressed as grams of salt: mmol sodium × 23 × 2.54/1000) [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. The most recent study, in 419 participants (55% females) drawn from the population of Lithgow—a regional town in New South Wales—in 2011, found the mean dietary salt intake to be 8.8 g/day with men excreting 10.3(3.8) (SD) g/salt/day and women 7.6(3) g/salt/day [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Salt Intake and Discretionary Salt Use in Two General Population Samples in Australia: 2011 and 2014

et al. 2015

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The limited Australian measures to reduce population sodium intake through national initiatives targeting sodium in the food supply have not been evaluated. The aim was, thus, to assess if there has been a change in salt intake and discretionary salt use between 2011 and 2014 in the state of Victoria, Australia. Adults drawn from a population sample provided 24 h urine collections and reported discretionary salt use in 2011 and 2014. The final sample included 307 subjects who participated in both surveys, 291 who participated in 2011 only, and 135 subjects who participated in 2014 only. Analysis included adjustment for age, gender, metropolitan area, weekend collection and participation in both surveys, where appropriate. In 2011, 598 participants: 53% female, age 57.1(12.0)(SD) years and in 2014, 442 participants: 53% female, age 61.2(10.7) years provided valid urine collections, with no difference in the mean urinary salt excretion between 2011: 7.9 (7.6, 8.2) (95% CI) g/salt/day and 2014: 7.8 (7.5, 8.1) g/salt/day (p = 0.589), and no difference in discretionary salt use: 35% (2011) and 36% (2014) reported adding salt sometimes or often/always at the table (p = 0.76). Those that sometimes or often/always added salt at the table and when cooking had 0.7 (0.7, 0.8) g/salt/day (p = 0.0016) higher salt excretion. There is no indication over this 3-year period that national salt reduction initiatives targeting the food supply have resulted in a population reduction in salt intake. More concerted efforts are required to reduce the salt content of manufactured foods, together with a consumer education campaign targeting the use of discretionary salt.

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Foods contributing to sodium intake and urinary sodium excretion in a group of Australian women

Cited by 12 publications

References 26 publications

Sodium Intakes of US Children and Adults from Foods and Beverages by Location of Origin and by Specific Food Source

Sodium Intakes of US Children and Adults from Foods and Beverages by Location of Origin and by Specific Food Source

Dietary salt intake in the Australian population

Dietary Salt Intake and Discretionary Salt Use in Two General Population Samples in Australia: 2011 and 2014

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