“…Classical cascade models are only applicable in those systems where the food web can be well approximated by a simple food chain. Besides phytoplankton, herbivorous zooplankton, and fish, lake food webs often contain invertebrate predators such as insect larvae and predatory crustaceans that both compete for food with, and are prey for, planktivorous fish (Dodson, 1974;Hall et al, 1976;Kerfoot & DeMott, 1984;Elser et al, 1987;Riessen et al, 1988;Edmondson & Abella, 1988;Soranno et al, 1993;Wissel & Benndorf, 1998;Wissel et al, 2000;Benndorf et al, 2000). Food webs where invertebrate predators are important cannot be modeled as a simple chain; food chain models may therefore give incorrect predictions in this situation.…”