Food Versus Biomass Fuel: Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts in the United States, Brazil, India, and Kenya

Renewable Energy: Current and Potential Issues

“…Furthermore, its production uses land suitable for crop production (Weisz and Marshall 1980, Pimentel 1991,Youngquist 1997, Pimentel 2001. Ethanol produced using sugarcane is more energy efficient than that produced using corn; however, more fossil energy is still required to produce a liter of ethanol than the energy output in ethanol (Pimentel et al 1988).…”

“…For example, wood-fired steam plants require several times more workers than coal-fired plants (Pimentel et al 1988, Giampietro et al 1998). …”

Environmental assessment of maize production alternatives: Traditional, intensive and GMO-based cropping patterns

“…USA 1988. Emergy calculations are based on hybrid maize production using data from Pimentel et al (1988).…”

“…Maize grown in the milpa stage of Lacandon Maya system-Mexico (average of 6 systems) (afterDiemont et al, 2006)-NR is consistent with geographic area; (2) AfterAraujo et al (2013), low intensity; (3) No-GMO maize cultivated in the northern part of Argentina's pampas region during 1986/87 with conventional tillage (this study); (4) No-GMO maize cultivated in the northern part of Argentina's pampas region during 1995/96 with conservationist tillage (this study); (5) AfterAraujo et al (2013), high intensity; (6) afterPimentel (2006); (7) no-GMO maize cultivated in USA (afterPimentel et al, 1988)-rainfall is consistent with Nebraska region; (8) no-GMO maize cultivated in Brazil during 2010 (afterFranzese et al, 2013); (9) no-GMO maize cultivated in Italy (afterUlgiati, 2001); (10) GMO maize cultivated in the northern part of Argentina's pampas region during 2009/10 with no-tillage (this study); (11) GMO maize cultivated in Argentina's pampas region during 2012/13 as average of the whole region (this study); (12) GMO maize seed produced in Argentina (This study, Appendix 2). No emergy assessments were available for systems 2, 5, 6, and 7: indicators have been calculated based on the original mass and energy data published by the authors referred to.…”

Anaerobic digestion and community development: A case study from Hainan province, China

“…One thirtieth is about 0.33 kg k 1 kg of steel = 20,700 kcal for mining, production, and transport (Pimentel, et al 1973) l Estimated m A litre of fuel is assumed to contain 10,000 kcal. Included in this figure are mining, refining, and transportation costs (Pimentel, et al 1988) n A 6 m 3 anaerobic digester has a capacity to yield 876 m 3 biogas and 1 m 3 biogas contains 5000 kcal (Chen, 2000) Environ Dev Sustain (2007) 9: 501-521 515 vegetables) of the village as a result of applying digestion slurry in agriculture (Table 5).…”