Food transfer between chimpanzee mothers and their infants

Abstract

Food sharing among chimpanzees is known to occur particularly between mothers and infants and has been proposed to be a form of parental investment. To explore the function of food sharing, it is essential to know how and what is transferred to an infant from its mother. We investigated details of interactions leading to food transfer and characteristics of items transferred in three mother-infant ( < 2 years old) pairs in captivity. We gave one kind of fruit or vegetable to a mother and observed interactions between the mother and her infant. Tested items consisted of familiar and novel foods for infants. Two patterns of direct food transfer, so-called sharing, were recognized: (1) "infant-initiated sharing" in which the infant attempted to take food and the mother did not resist, and (2) "mother-initiated sharing" in which the mother spontaneously offered a part of her food without the infant's attempts to take it. There were clear differences in the characteristics of items transferred in these two patterns of sharing. In infant-initiated sharing, palatable parts of the same food that the mother was eating were transferred. In contrast, in mother-initiated sharing, only unpalatable parts of food in the mother's possession were transferred. Mothers seemed to be reluctant to give nutritious foods to their infants during this study period. Infants, rather than mothers, were responsible for initiating and experiencing the diversity of adult foods in chimpanzees.

<Note> A Case Report of Meat and Fruit Sharing in a Pair of Wild Bonobos

“…In a study of mother-infant chimpanzee pairs in captivity, a sharing pattern similar to our observations was documented 12 . The mothers were reluctant to share edible parts of their food with their infants, but tolerated the transfer of non-edible parts.…”

The reluctant innovator: orangutans and the phylogeny of creativity

“…When presented with novel food items, captive chimpanzees were even more hesitant compared with gorillas and orangutans, and more frequently observed their conspecifics handling the novel items [61]. Captive chimpanzee infants are neophobic towards novel foods and pay attention to their mothers before ingesting it [62], suggesting the same pattern in the wild.…”

Other-regarding preferences in a non-human primate: Common marmosets provision food altruistically

“…Finally, if unsolicited prosociality were to characterize chimpanzees, it should at least be expressed in the closest social bond, that between mother and infant. However, even infant chimpanzees must beg to receive valuable food items from their mothers (20,21), and in formal experiments, mothers did not even show unsolicited prosociality toward their immature offspring (17).…”