“…From their earliest conception, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been widely discussed in public and media reports, giving rise to several conspiracy theories (Burke, 1999;Lyons et al, 2019;Evanega et al, 2022). In China, a country with a more conservative attitude toward crops and food, although its public's acceptance of GMOs is higher than other GM producers (around 40%, Zhao et al, 2019), such as United States, Argentina, Brazil, India, negative discussions and conspiracy theories about GMOs are still widespread (Chameides et al, 1999;Yang et al, 2014;Li et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2021). These conspiracy theories have affected the promotion of GMOs and formulation of relevant policies in China (Cao, 2018;Jiang and Fang, 2019;Li et al, 2019).…”