“…Secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, phytoalexins, phenylpropanoids, and carotenoids have been documented in stressed plants inoculated with microorganisms ( Chukwuneme et al, 2021 , Koza et al, 2022 , Mohammadi et al, 2021 ). These secondary metabolites help plants tolerate abiotic stress by acting as antioxidants that scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) ( Chukwuneme, Ayangbenro, & Babalola, 2021 ).…”