Food sovereignty in sub-Saharan Africa: Reality, relevance, and practicality

Abstract

The recent discourse on food sovereignty places much emphasis on democracy in determining localized food systems, and whether the food is culturally appropriate while leaning heavily on sustainable agricultural practices such as organic agriculture, ecological intensification, agroecology, nature-based solutions, and regenerative agriculture. Sustainable agricultural practices are intended to ensure that the land is managed without the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, while going further by focusing on improvements on soil and land health. However, what are the practicalities of food activism and relying entirely on nature while yields are still very low in much of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)? We attempt to answer this question in four main sections: (a) we start by defining the concept of food sovereignty and the associated practices, (b) we highlight some of the main socio-ecological conditions that are common in SSA, and (c) we present evidence of some of the limitations of food sovereignty due to the diversity in ecological, political, cultural, and socio-economic contexts that characterize SSA; finally, (d) we focus on food preferences, marketing and certification aspects. We conclude that agroecology alone cannot solve the multiple objectives of increasing crop productivity and replenishing soil nutrients especially on small farms and relying on natural rainfall. There is an urgent need to combine superior crop varieties and judicious use of external inputs in tandem with the manipulation of the agroecological processes to increase the efficiency of input use and achieve higher food productivity, resilience to climate change, and preservation of the natural resource base in specific locations.

Following in the footsteps of the successful spice farmers: Determinants of spice income in Tanzania

“…Household size (as a proxy for labour): In the analysis, household size was utilised as a proxy for labour. In many Sub‐Saharan African contexts, farmers heavily rely on their labour, which may exhibit diminishing returns on fixed resources like land and capital (Mudombi Mudombi et al, 2022). Consequently, it was tested and observed that household size exhibited a quadratic relationship with spice income; hence, its square root form was included in the model.…”

“…Farm size has a direct bearing on income, with larger farms capable of supporting increased spice cultivation and, in turn, generating higher income (Aikaeli, 2010; Chamberlin & Jayne, 2020; Mashenene et al, 2023; Mather, 2012; Mutungi et al, 2023; Ntwalle, 2019). Crop diversity within the farm is essential, as diversification of crops and activities can mitigate income volatility and risk (Adjimoti & Kwadzo, 2018; Ahmad et al, 2017; Ahmadzai & Morrissey, 2023; Barman et al, 2022; Birthal et al, 2015; Mudombi‐Rusinamhodzi & Rusinamhodzi, 2022). Land ownership status also influences income, as secure land tenure or access to arable land is a fundamental prerequisite for successful farming.…”