Food sources, energy and nutrient intakes of adults: 2013 Philippines National Nutrition Survey

Abstract

Background Comprehensive assessment of dietary intakes of foods and nutrients in Filipino adults are lacking. This study evaluated energy and nutrient intakes and food sources of key nutrients consumed by Filipino adults. Methods The participants were from the 2013 National Nutrition Survey wherein food intake of young adults aged 19–49 years (n = 12,896) and older adults aged 50 years and above (n = 7853) were collected using 24-h recalls. Usual nutrient intakes were estimated using PC-SIDE program. The Philippines Dietary Reference Intakes were used to calculate proportions of inadequate intake using Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR). Energy adequacy was evaluated using the Institute of Medicine (IOM) equation for Estimated Energy Requirements (EER). Results The nutrient intakes with the highest prevalence of inadequacy (> 50%) were: iron (97–99%), vitamin C (96–98%), calcium (95–98%), riboflavin (86–91%), folate (89–90%), thiamine (73–89%), energy (67–70%), total fat (55–67%), and vitamin A (54–56%). Refined rice, pork and breads contributed most to daily intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrates, thiamine, riboflavin, and iron. Low intake of vegetables, fruits and dairy was common in both age groups. Conclusions This study demonstrated that intakes of many nutrients were markedly inadequate among adults in the Philippines, due to the rice-dominant dietary pattern with few nutrient-dense foods. These results can be used to support the development of specific interventions to improve the shortfalls in nutrient intakes.

Prevalence and Determinants of the Co-Occurrence of Overweight or Obesity and Micronutrient Deficiencies among Adults in the Philippines: Results from a National Representative Survey

“…According to the 2013 PNNS, the amount of food consumed is highest among households with fewer members and declines with increasing household size [ 12 ]. Wealth status was related to diets low in nutrients among Filipino adults [ 28 ]. To add, one of the cost-effective programs in addressing iodine deficiency is salt iodization.…”

Dietary Habits of Older Adults in Serbia: Findings From the National Health Survey

“…Large national cross-sectional studies have been recognized as a resourceful method to assess dietary intake at different life stages (4); however, most of the existing studies on dietary habits and patterns address age as one of the demographic factors (22), make comparisons among more than two age groups (2, 23), or investigate them solely in the elderly population (24,25). Moreover, the definition of the elderly often varies interculturally, whereby persons aged 50 years and more are in some cases classified into this category (12,25). In addition, the methods used for the intake assessment are diverse.…”

“…Having a partner is predominantly positively associated with healthy eating behavior in the literature (6,37), while in this study the association is inconclusive. The inverse relation between the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake and wealth status has already been noted (12). Economic difficulties can affect the dietary habits of older people and, for instance, fish can be viewed upon as a luxurious food item to integrate with diet (39).…”

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors leading to Diabetes Mellitus among the Young (YOD) from the 8th Philippine National Nutrition Survey

“…The prevalence of inadequacy of vitamin A also increases significantly with age. 38 The importance of vitamin A in pancreatic β cell development is highlighted by decreased β cell mass and impaired glucose tolerance in vitamin A-deficient adult mice. Reduced β cell mass increased α cell mass, with hyperglycemia and altered serum insulin and glucagon profiles.…”