Food selection by the South Indian leaf-monkey, Presbytis johnii, in relation to leaf chemistry

Oates, John F.; Waterman, Peter G.; Choo, Gillian M.

doi:10.1007/bf00346706

Cited by 237 publications

(151 citation statements)

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“…He also suggested that clay (kaolins) was <ingested not as a mineral supplement but to adsorb plant toxins or to adjust the pH of the forestomach. Oates et al (1980) documented that leaf-monkeys (Presbytis johniij of South India exhibited considerable selectivity in what they ate. Despite the fact that mature foliage was the most available potential food throughout the year, mature leaves made up only 27% of the Nilgiri langur's yearly diet, and more than 80% of this came from only four tree species, which did not include the most abundant tree species in the forest.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There was no correlation between alkaloid content and selection. Oates et al (1980) suggested that the microflora of the colobine forestomach can detoxify alkaloids. The selection of petioles was attributed to their high concentration of sap.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many primates eat flowers (Curtin and Chivers, 1978;Freese, 1977;Glander, 1975a;Milton, 1977Milton, ,1980Oates et al, 1977Oates et al, ,1980Richard, 1978, Wrangham andWaterman, 1981;and others). Since these are plant products, they may also present the problem of secondary compounds (McKey, 1979).…”

Section: Secondary Compounds and Nectar-and Gum-eating Primatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of plant secondary compounds on primate feeding behavior

Glander

1982

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

287

120

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The recent literature on plant secondary compounds and their influence on primate feeding behavior is reviewed. Many studies of nonhuman primates document the extreme selectivity that primates, particularly herbivorous species, demonstrate in their food choice. Until quite recently investigators interpreted this to mean that herbivorous primates were not food limited. This view has been challenged in the past 10 years by researchers concentrating on the primate-plant interaction. Chemical analyses have demonstrated that plant parts are of varying quality due to differences in nutrient and secondary compound content. The assumption that all leaves (or fruits, flowers, and insects) are potential foods of equal value to the primates eating them is refuted. The observed selectivity and preferences of primates for specific plant or insect species and parts are now viewed as strategies for dealing with the nutrient and secondary compound content variation in these foods.The field of plant-herbivore interaction is a rapidly expanding one that includes the phytochemical relationship between plants and herbivores. It has long been acknowledged that plants and insects profoundly influenced each others' evolutionary courses, but only recently have the biological and ecological roles of plant-produced secondary compounds been recognized.Stahl (1888) was the first to suggest that plants use chemical defenses in addition to the more familiar morphological and mechanical means of protecting themselves.Despite this early observation, plant produced chemicals were considered nothing more than waste products of plant metabolism until Fraenkel (1959) again suggested a defensive function for these compounds. Since then impressive evidence, which demonstrates that plants do use secondary compounds for defensive purposes, has accumulated (Ehrlich and Raven, 1965;Feeny, 1968;Janzen, 1969; Fthoades and Cates, 1976; Rosenthal and Janzen, 1979; and included references). Mothes (1976) went so far to suggest that secondary substances may be primarily defensive in nature and are neither essential nor of any physiological importance to the plants that produce them. He stated that the loss of these chemicals does not reduce the plant's viability. PRIMARY VERSUS SECONDARY COMPOUNDSThe term "secondary compounds" is difficult to define, but Mothes (1980) suggests that its origin may be found in a lecture given by Albrecht Kossel in 1891 and published in Archiu fur Physiologie (1891:181), in which he said:Just as microscope research has succeeded in stripping the cell of its non-essential accessories and in separating its casing and the reserves stored in it from the actual life-carriers, so now chemistry must attempt to separate those compounds which are present, without exception, in a protoplasma capable of developing, and to recognize the substances which are either incidental or not absolutely necessary for life. Finding and describing those atom complexes to which life is bound comprises the most important basis for the investigat...

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Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of plant secondary compounds on primate feeding behavior

Glander

1982

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

287

120

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“…The tannins can activate the herbivore's digestive enzymes by binding proteins and so creating complex aggregates (Oates et al 1980, Clausen et al 1992. It also acts as antimicrobial agents.…”

Section: Tanninsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on Tridax procumbens: a weed with immense phytochemical and pharmacological activities

Adelowo¹,

Oladeji²

2017

Commun. Plant Sci.

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Keywords Herbal medicineMedicinal plant Natural product Pharmacological Phytochemical Synthetic drugsMedicinal plants have provided mankind a large variety of potent drugs to alleviate or eradicate infections and suffering from diseases in spite of advancement in synthetic drugs, some of the plant-derived drugs still retained their importance and relevance. The use of plant-based drugs all over world is increasing. Natural products derived from plants for the treatment of diseases have proved that nature stands a golden mark to show the relationship between the interrelationship between man and his environment. The researches and utilization of herbal medicine in the treatment of diseases increases every day. There have been records of advances made in the modern medicine there are still a large number of ailments or diseases for which suitable drugs are yet to be found. This has brought an urgent need to develop safer drugs for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, diabetes, liver diseases, and gastrointestinal disorder. Tridax procumbens is a highly valuable drug and well known for number of pharmacological activities like wound healing, antidiabetic activity, hypotensive effect, immune-modulating property amongst other. Therefore, the phytochemical and pharmacological activities should be investigated. Highlighted Conclusions 1.Tridax procumbens is commonly regarded as weed in most part of Africa continents and are known for its pharmacological activity. 2. The application of the plant are immense such as pharmacological activities, hepatoprotective effect, immunomodulating property, wound healing activity, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, bronchial catarrh, diarrheal and dysentery. 3. Analysis revealed the presence of the biomolecules such as anthraquinone, catachol, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpernoids. 4. Tridax procumbens also desire development of novel therapeutic agents from the various types of compounds with diverse pharmacologic properties isolated from it. 5. Therefore, more work (study) should be encourage in direction of more pharmacological activities of Tridax procumbens and to elucidate the structures of the phytochemicals responsible for the therapeutic properties of the plant.Over the years, nature has been a backbone for medicinal agents most especially in 20th century. Almost all the modern drugs are derived from medicinal plants. Traditional medicine has established itself as for the development of chemotherapeutic agents (Racio et al. 1989). Antimicrobials derived from medicinal plants have enormous therapeutic potential and have been used since time immemorial. These antimicrobials are effectively used in the treatment of infectious diseases simultaneously mitigating many of the side effects which are often associated with synthetic antibiotics (Iwu et al. 1999). Natural products derived from plants for the treatment of diseases have proved that nature stands a golden mark to show the relationship between the inter...

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“…Basal area has been shown to correlate with tree height and crown volume (e. g. Oates et al, 1980) and is therefore the quickest and easiest measlue of tree size obtainable. Basal area can be used to produce a measure of relative biomass when combined with tree density.…”

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Methods Used in the Evaluation of Lowland Gorilla Habitat in the Lope Reserve, Gabon.

Williamson

1993

Tropics

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This paper presents methods chosen to sample forest structure and composition with a view to understanding the ranging patterns and habitat use by great apes, and suggests how data may be presented in simple yet meaningful ways. Straight-line transects were used to sample all tree >10 cm DBH within a 10 m strip. Although it may be difficult to make direct comparisons between study sites, it is relatively easy to compare some aspects of forest structure, species diversity, tree density, and the density of important food-sources in different forests. Several measures of diversity and food availability can be estimated using tree species frequencies and basal areas obtained from trancects, some of which are described here.Key Words: habitat description / food availability / fruit abundance / vegetation analysis / lowland gorilla / Lope Reserve / Gabon. Now that long-tenn studies of African great apes are taking place at lowland sites in C. A. R, Congo, Gabon and Zaire that appear to be superficially similar, we wish to compare these forests and to identify which features lead to variance in the socioecological strategies of the primates inhabiting them. Where do we begin to evaluate a habitat? Some basic features of the physical environment to be described and quantified are climate and seasonality (rainfall, temperatures, and humidity), structure and composition of the vegetation, and temporal changes in primary production (phenology). This paper aims to promote compatibility between methods of vegetation analysis used in the course of ecological studies. I present methods used to sample lowland forest structure and composition in the LopeS Reserve, Central Gabon, as part of an ongoing study of sympatric western lowland gorillas and chimpanzees, and suggest how data may be presented in simple yet meaningful ways.The study area is predominantly mature lowland forest, parts of which were selectively logged in the 1960s with the removal of one to two stems per hectare of Aucoumea klaineana. There are relatively small marshy areas; aerial roots, buttresses, palms and epiphytes are not common, and lianes contribute less than 5% to the total forest leaf biomass (Harrison, 1984). (HarShorn, 1978;Whitmore, 1978). Climax forest is an abstract state which will not be attained in a dynamic environment, although changes in structure and composition occur at slower rates as forests mature (Whimore, 1984 (Milton, 1981)' Foraging theories predict that when food density is low diet will be more diverse (Gaulin, 1979). The forest of the Lopd study alea is similar to others in the lowland tropics, in terms of species densities and diversity. The distribution of fiee species is characteristic of heterogeneous tropical forests: individuals are widely spaced and some are clumped (williamson, 1988). The gorillas'ranglng is stongly influenced by the seasonal production ofparticular food species: when tree species occurring at low density are in fruit, gorillas travel relatively large Methods used in the evaluation of lowland ...

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Food selection by the South Indian leaf-monkey, Presbytis johnii, in relation to leaf chemistry

Cited by 237 publications

References 32 publications

The impact of plant secondary compounds on primate feeding behavior

The impact of plant secondary compounds on primate feeding behavior

A review on Tridax procumbens: a weed with immense phytochemical and pharmacological activities

Methods Used in the Evaluation of Lowland Gorilla Habitat in the Lope Reserve, Gabon.

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