Food reinforcement, the dopamine D₂ receptor genotype, and energy intake in obese and nonobese humans.

Epstein, Leonard H.; Temple, Jennifer L.; Neaderhiser, Brad J.; Salis, Robbert J.; Erbe, Richard W.; Leddy, John J.

doi:10.1037/0735-7044.121.5.877

Cited by 279 publications

(278 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…In addition we also document a significant association between D2 receptors and metabolism in somatosensory cortex that could modulate the reinforcing properties of food (Epstein et al, 2007) and that merits further investigation. Brain maps obtained with SPM showing the areas where the correlations between striatal D2 receptor availability and brain glucose metabolism were significant.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…There is also evidence that DA modulates the somatosensory cortex in the human brain (Kuo et al, 2007). Inasmuch as DA stimulation signals saliency and facilitates conditioning (Zink et al, 2003, Kelley, 2004), DA's modulation of the somatosensory cortex's response to food is likely to play a role in the formation of conditioned association between food and food-related environmental cues and in the enhanced reinforcing value of food that occurs in obesity (Epstein et al, 2007).…”

Section: Correlation Between D2r and Somatosensory Cortexmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low dopamine striatal D2 receptors are associated with prefrontal metabolism in obese subjects: Possible contributing factors

et al. 2008

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Dopamine's role in inhibitory control is well recognized and its disruption may contribute to behavioral disorders of discontrol such as obesity. However, the mechanism by which impaired dopamine neurotransmission interferes with inhibitory control is poorly understood. We had previously documented a reduction in dopamine D2 receptors in morbidly obese subjects. To assess if the reductions in dopamine D2 receptors were associated with activity in prefrontal brain regions implicated in inhibitory control we assessed the relationship between dopamine D2 receptor availability in striatum with brain glucose metabolism (marker of brain function) in ten morbidly obese subjects (BMI>40 kg/m 2 ) and compared it to that in twelve non-obese controls. PET was used with [ 11 C]raclopride to assess D2 receptors and with [ 18 F] FDG to assess regional brain glucose metabolism. In obese subjects striatal D2 receptor availability was lower than controls and was positively correlated with metabolism in dorsolateral prefrontal, medial orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate gyrus and somatosensory cortices. In controls correlations with prefrontal metabolism were not significant but comparisons with those in obese subjects were not significant, which does not permit to ascribe the associations as unique to obesity. The associations between striatal D2 receptors and prefrontal metabolism in obese subjects suggest that decreases in striatal D2 receptors could contribute to overeating via their modulation of striatal prefrontal pathways, which participate in inhibitory control and salience attribution. The association between striatal D2 receptors and metabolism in somatosensory cortices (regions that process palatability) could underlie one of the mechanisms through which dopamine regulates the reinforcing properties of food. KeywordsOrbitofrontal cortex; Cingulate gyrus; Dorsolateral prefrontal; Dopamine transporters; Raclopride, PET The increase in obesity and associated metabolic diseases seen over the past decade has raised concern that if not controlled this may become the number one preventable public health threat for the 21st century (Sturm, 2002 (Berthoud, 2007). The extent to which individuals differ in their ability to inhibit these responses and control how much they eat is likely to modulate their risk for overeating in our current food rich environments (Berthoud, 2007).We had shown that in healthy individuals D2 receptor availability in the striatum modulated eating behavioral patterns (Volkow et al., 2003). Specifically the tendency to eat when exposed to negative emotions was negatively correlated with D2 receptor availability (the lower the D2 receptors the higher the likelihood that an individual would eat if emotionally stressed). In addition, in a different study, we showed that morbidly obese subjects (BMI>40) had lower than normal D2 receptor availability and these reductions were proportional to their BMI (Wang et al., 2001). These findings led us to postulate that low D2 receptor availability could put an...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Correlation Between D2r and Somatosensory Cortexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low dopamine striatal D2 receptors are associated with prefrontal metabolism in obese subjects: Possible contributing factors

et al. 2008

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“…Some evidence suggests that there may be differences in the neural mechanisms for the motivation to eat and to be physically active. Studies of children (Temple, Legierski, Giacomelli, Salvy & Epstein, unpublished results) and adults [19,20] have found that the RRV of food was more strongly associated with energy intake in ad libitum eating tasks than liking for food. In contrast, the present study found that both RRV and liking of physical activity were independently associated with physical activity participation and that MVPA was greatest only when the individual had relatively high RRV and liking of physical activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Salamone and Correa [13], however; discuss the evidence that dopamine antagonists and nucleus accumbens dopamine depletions do not affect behavior directed towards the acquisition and consumption of food per se, but does alter effort-related choice, shifting choice to lower-cost less preferred foods. Research suggests that wanting is a stronger predictor of energy intake than liking in animals [18] and reinforcing value is a stronger predictor of energy intake than liking in humans [19,20]. Reinforcing value has been related to usual physical activity [9], but to our knowledge there is no research that has tested whether the relative reinforcing value (RRV) and liking aspects of physical activity are independently associated with participation in MVPA or the relative importance of each component for children's usual participation in more vigorous types of physical activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of liking and reinforcing value with children's physical activity

Roemmich

Barkley

Lobarinas

et al. 2008

Physiology & Behavior

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Roemmich, J.N., J.E. Barkley, L.H. Epstein, C.L. Lobarinas, J.H. Foster, and T.M. White: Association of Liking and Reinforcing Value with Children's Physical Activity. Physiol Behav 00 (0) 000-000, 2007 -This study determined whether liking and relative reinforcing value (RRV) of physical activity were associated with time youth spend in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Boys (n = 21) and girls (n = 15) age 8 to 12 years were measured for height, weight, aerobic fitness, liking and RRV of physical activity, and minutes in MVPA using accelerometers. Independence of liking and RRV of physical activity was established by a low correlation (r = 0.08, p = 0.64). Using MVPA as the dependent variable and hierarchical regression to control for individual differences in age, aerobic fitness, and time the accelerometer was worn in step 1 (R 2 of 0.60 for step 1), addition of liking and RRV of physical activity in step 2 produced an incremental increase in R 2 of 0.12 (p < 0.01). When using median splits of the RRV and liking data to form subject groups, children with both a high liking and RRV of physical activity participated in greater (p ≤ 0.02) MVPA (1340 ± 70 min/week) than children with high RRV-low liking (1040 ± 95 min/week), low RRVhigh liking (978 ± 88 min/week), or low RRV-low liking (1007 ± 68 min/week) of physical activity. Thus, liking and RRV of physical activity are independently associated with MVPA. The combination of a high reinforcing value and liking of physical activity is associated with 33% greater participation in MVPA.

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“…Generation and analysis of dopamine D2R knockout (D2R À/À ) mice indeed demonstrated that the D2R plays a key role in dopaminergic neurotransmission [9][10][11][12][13]. In human, genetic studies with obese individuals showed possible association of the polymorphisms of the D2R gene with obesity [14][15][16][17]. Although the precise mechanism has not been established, these observations indicate that normal D2R function might be important in the maintenance of normal eating behavior and also in the regulation of energy balance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs on body weight and food intake in dopamine D2 receptor knockout mice

Yoon

Noh

Choi

et al. 2010

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications

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Food reinforcement, the dopamine D₂ receptor genotype, and energy intake in obese and nonobese humans.

Cited by 279 publications

References 57 publications

Low dopamine striatal D2 receptors are associated with prefrontal metabolism in obese subjects: Possible contributing factors

Low dopamine striatal D2 receptors are associated with prefrontal metabolism in obese subjects: Possible contributing factors

Association of liking and reinforcing value with children's physical activity

Effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs on body weight and food intake in dopamine D2 receptor knockout mice

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