Food protein-derived renin-inhibitory peptides:in vitroandin vivoproperties

Abstract

Renin catalyzes the rate-determining step in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that regulates mammalian blood pressure by converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin I (Ang I). Excessive plasma levels of Ang I is a causative factor in hypertension development. Therefore, inhibition of renin activity can lower blood pressure and provide relief from clinical symptoms associated with hypertension. Synthetic compounds are currently the most used group of renin inhibitors; however, only aliskiren is approved as a drug for hypertension treatment. But some negative side effects are associated with aliskiren therapy, which have necessitated the search for alternative natural compounds such as food protein-derived renin-inhibitory peptides with blood pressure-reducing effects. This paper is a concise review of the currently known sources and methods of production of renin-inhibitory peptides including their potential in vitro and in vivo extent of renin inhibition. Practical applicationsHypertension is a major human chronic disease that leads to severe cardiovascular impairment and ultimately death if not managed properly. Current therapeutic approach to hypertension management involves the use of drugs that inhibit excessive activities of renin and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), the two main enzymes that control mammalian blood pressure. Since renin catalyzes a single reaction that is the rate-determining step in the renin-angiotensin system, inhibition of this enzyme activity could be a highly effective strategy for controlling blood pressure without severe negative side effects. However, therapeutic control of renin activity remains difficult with only one approved drug. Some food protein-derived peptides have been found to inhibit renin activity inhibition, which could offer a drug-free treatment for hypertension. Therefore, this review provides a summary of recent developments in the advances and efficacy testing of renin-inhibitory peptides. K E Y W O R D Sbioactive peptides, blood pressure, food proteins, protein hydrolyzates, renin, renin-angiotensin system, spontaneously hypertensive rats How to cite this article: Aluko RE. Food protein-derived renin-inhibitory peptides: in vitro and in vivo properties.

Inhibitory Activities of Polyphenolic Extracts of Bangladeshi Vegetables against α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase, Pancreatic Lipase, Renin, and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme

“…Another reason for the development of cardiovascular diseases is hypertension, which causes arteriosclerosis, congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, end-stage renal diseases, myocardial infarction, and stroke [ 14 ]. The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) has been found to be one of the major regulatory mechanisms in blood pressure regulation [ 15 ]. Within the RAS, renin (EC 3.4.23.15) acts on angiotensinogen to release angiotensin I, which is then cleaved by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) to produce angiotensin II, a potent vasopressor.…”

“…Therefore, ACE (EC 3.4.15.1) and/or renin inhibition help to manage hypertension and offer cardiovascular protection by limiting the physiological level of angiotensin II. Just like obesity and diabetes, current clinical management of hypertension involves mainly the use of drugs, which also have negative side effects [ 15 ].…”

Health Promoting Bioactive Properties of Novel Hairless Canary Seed Flour after In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion

“…Interestingly, 22 peptides had potential hypotensive activity as renin inhibitors. Renin and ACE, two key enzymes in the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system, regulate mammalian blood pressure; renin first converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 which is in turn catalyzed by ACE to angiotensin II, a very powerful vasoconstrictor that simultaneously induces aldosterone secretion, causing increased sodium retention [70]. Although most studies report antihypertensive activity in terms of ACE inhibition, several studies show plant proteins have demonstrated renin inhibitor activity, including canola [71], hempseed [72], lima bean [73], flaxseed [74] and rapeseed [75].…”

Effect of amaranth proteins on the RAS system. In vitro, in vivo and ex vivo assays

“…Functional foods, which can be used for either the treatment or the prevention of hypertension, do not cause the adverse effects of conventional drugs. The employment of these foods may contribute to the reduction of the public health expenditure destined to the cure of cardiovascular diseases (Houston, 2019a(Houston, , 2019b Bioactive peptides of animal and vegetal origin, as well as some components of functional foods, exert anti-hypertensive effects mainly through the inhibition of RAS enzymes and the increase of NO levels (Aluko, 2015a(Aluko, , 2015b(Aluko, , 2019Fritz, Vecchi, Contreras, & Recio, 2011;Martínez-Maqueda, Miralles, Recio, & Hernández-Ledesma, 2012;Quiroga, Aphalo, Nardo, & Añón, 2017;Saleh, Zhang, & Shen, 2014;Wu, Liao, & Udenigwe, 2017).…”