Food portion weights in primary and secondary school lunches in England

Davies, Olajumoke; Suleiman, S; Nicholas, Jo; Bradbury, Jane; Msebele, S.; Prior, G.; Hall, Lynne A.; Wreford, S.; Jarvis, Lisa; McGee, A.; Poulter, Jenny; Nelson, Michael

doi:10.1111/j.1365-277x.2007.00846.x

Cited by 20 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…This method has previously been used and validated with children aged 9–10 years, correlations between observed and reported nutrient and energy intake ranged from 0.78 to 0.94 [38]. Estimated weights of portions were then calculated using published values, including those specific to children [39], [40]. Based upon a recommended portion size of 40 grams for school age children [41] and public health guidelines of 5 portions per day [15], achievement of recommendations for fruit and vegetable intake was defined as ≥200 grams/day.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clustering and Correlates of Multiple Health Behaviours in 9–10 Year Old Children

et al. 2014

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BackgroundSleep, physical activity, screen time and dietary behaviours influence health during childhood, but few studies have looked at all of these behaviours simultaneously and previous research has relied predominantly on self- or proxy-reports of physical activity and food frequency questionnaires for the assessment of diet.PurposeTo assess the prevalence and clustering of health behaviours and examine the socio-demographic characteristics of children that fail to meet multiple health behaviour guidelines.MethodsData are from the Sport, Physical activity and Eating behaviour: Environmental Determinants in Young people (SPEEDY) study. Participants (n = 1472, 42.9% male) were dichotomized based on whether or not they met public health guidelines for accelerometer-assessed physical activity, diet-diary assessed fruit/vegetable intake and fat/non-milk extrinsic sugar (NMES) intake, and self-reported screen time and sleep duration. Behavioural clustering was assessed using an observed over expected ratio (O/E). Socio-demographic characteristics of participants that failed to meet multiple health behaviour guidelines were examined using ordinal logistic regression. Data were analysed in 2013.Results83.3% of children failed to meet guidelines for two or more health behaviours. The O/E ratio for two behavioural combinations significantly exceeded 1, both of which featured high screen time, insufficient fruit/vegetable consumption and excessive fat/NMES intake. Children who were older (Proportional odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.69 (1.21,2.37)) and those that attended a school with a physical activity or diet-related policy (1.28 (1.01,1.62)) were more likely to have a poor health behaviour profile. Girls (0.80 (0.64,0.99)), participants with siblings (0.76 (0.61,0.94)) and those with more highly educated parents (0.73 (0.56,0.94)) were less likely to have a poor health behaviour profile.ConclusionsA substantial proportion of children failed to meet guidelines for multiple health behaviours and there was evidence of clustering of screen viewing and unhealthy dietary behaviours. Sub-groups at greatest risk may be targeted for intervention.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clustering and Correlates of Multiple Health Behaviours in 9–10 Year Old Children

et al. 2014

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“…Although chips are not specifically part of the current school lunch recommendation, they were considered here as such deep-fried, high-fat foods have been implicated as a potential contributor to obesity (23) and their presence on school menus has been associated with higher BMI among pupils (21) . Unsurprisingly, the school meal group consumed more chips, both at lunchtime and over the whole day, although the average weight consumed at lunchtime is quite small; 23?0 g for a school meal, which equates to roughly a portion every 3?9 d, based on a typical portion size of 90 g (13) . Some chips also appeared to be eaten by the packed lunch group at school lunchtime.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We observed that school meal eaters consumed more starchy foods compared with packed lunch eaters, although a lower proportion of that was from bread. Neither lunch group consumed a full daily portion of starchy foods (based on average portion sizes of 80 g of rice and 100 g of mashed potato (13) ). Starchy foods are promoted as a means of satiating hunger without excessive consumption of fat (2) , and higher consumption may help children meet the SFT recommendation of at least 50 % of food energy coming from carbohydrates (22) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Food and nutrient intakes were calculated from the food diaries using WISP nutritional analysis software version 3?0 (Tinuviel Software, Warrington, UK) using values from McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods, 6th edition (11) , and portions sizes were estimated from previously published data (12)(13)(14) . The data entered into WISP were reviewed by a dietitian who checked for errors and consistency.…”

Section: Dietary Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Food and drink consumption at school lunchtime: the impact of lunch type and contribution to overall intake in British 9–10-year-old children

Harrison

Jennings

Jones

et al. 2011

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To examine the differences in dietary intakes of children consuming school meals and packed lunches, the contribution of lunchtime intake to overall dietary intake, and how lunchtime intake relates to current food-based recommendations for school meals. Design: Cross-sectional analysis of overall intake of macronutrients and food choice from 4 d food diaries and school lunchtime intake from the two diary days completed while at school. Setting: Norfolk, UK. Subjects: One thousand six hundred and twenty-six children (aged 9-10 years) attending ninety Norfolk primary schools. Results: At school, lunchtime school meal eaters consumed more vegetables, sweet snacks, chips, starchy foods and milk, and less squash/cordial, fruit, bread, confectionery and savoury snacks than packed lunch eaters. These differences were also reflected in the overall diet. On average school meal eaters met the School Food Trust (SFT) food-based standards, while food choices among packed lunch eaters were less healthy. The contribution of food consumed at school lunchtime to overall diet varied by food and lunch type, ranging from 0?8 % (milk intake in packed lunches) to 74?4 % (savoury snack intake in packed lunches). Conclusions: There were significant differences in the foods consumed by school meal and packed lunch eaters, with food choices among school meal eaters generally in line with SFT standards. The food choices made at school lunchtime make a significant contribution to overall diet.

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“…For each food or drink recorded, weights of the portions consumed were approximated using published values for children (Crawley, 2002, Davies et al., 2008, Wrieden et al., 2008). Diaries were coded by a team of researchers at Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research (Cambridge, UK) using the Diet-In Nutrients-Out (DINO) system, a state of the art integrated dietary assessment system, which uses continually updated British food composition data.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in diet from age 10 to 14 years and prospective associations with school lunch choice

et al. 2017

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BackgroundThere is limited evidence on how diet changes over the transition from primary to secondary school. In this study we investigated changes in diet from age 10 (2007) to age 14 years (2011) and the contribution of school-time consumption and school lunch choice to such changes.MethodsThe 351 participants with dietary data (4 day food record) available at baseline (age 10 years) and follow-up (age 14 years) were included. Multi-level regression models were fitted for absolute or change in food and nutrient intake, cross-classified by primary and secondary school attended as appropriate, with adjustment for covariates and mis-reporting.ResultsFrom age 10 to age 14 years, children decreased energy intake from sugars (−2.6% energy (%E)) (standard error (SE) 0.44) and from saturated fats (−0.54%E (SE 0.18)), decreased fruit (−3.13 g/MJ (SE 1.04)) and vegetables (−1.55 g/MJ (SE 0.46)) consumption and increased sugar sweetened beverage (SSB) (4.66 g/MJ (SE 1.87)) and fries (1.31 g/MJ (SE 0.39)) consumption. Intake of snack foods, SSBs, and fries, but also fruits and vegetables was higher outside school hours. Prospective change from non-school lunch to school lunch, compared to maintaining non-school lunch consumption, was associated with decreased consumption of savoury snacks (−8.32 g/day (SE 2.03)), increased consumption of fries (12.8 g/day (SE 4.01)) and decreased consumption of fruit (−25.16 g/day (SE 11.02)) during school hours.ConclusionsChanges in diet from age 10 to age 14 years differed within and outside of school hours. Consumption of a school lunch, compared to lunch obtained elsewhere, was associated with negative as well as positive changes in diet, suggesting that any efforts to encourage school lunch take-up need to be accompanied by further efforts to improve school lunch provision to meet nutritional guidelines.

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Food portion weights in primary and secondary school lunches in England

Cited by 20 publications

References 0 publications

Clustering and Correlates of Multiple Health Behaviours in 9–10 Year Old Children

Clustering and Correlates of Multiple Health Behaviours in 9–10 Year Old Children

Food and drink consumption at school lunchtime: the impact of lunch type and contribution to overall intake in British 9–10-year-old children

Changes in diet from age 10 to 14 years and prospective associations with school lunch choice

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