Food Insecurity and the Association between Perceptions and Trust of Food Advertisements and Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods among U.S. Parents and Adolescents

Chiong, Reah; Figueroa, Roger

doi:10.3390/nu14091964

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…All studies controlled for SES indicators, but not access to healthy nutritious food or food insecurity specifically. Food insecurity is associated with higher UPF consumption [21] and a recent epidemiological survey study estimates participants with the highest UPF consumption have a 60% higher prevalence of food insecurity (RR = 1.60) [22]. Food insecurity is associated with elevated obesity risk in a previously published meta-analysis (OR = 1.53 ~RR 1.42) [23] and effects appear similar when examined prospectively in studies [24].…”

Section: Potential Unmeasured Confoundingmentioning

confidence: 83%

Causality or confounding? Applying E values to examine associations between ultra-processed food consumption and risk of weight gain

Robinson,

Jones

2024

Int J Obes

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Background Ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption is associated prospectively with weight gain and obesity in observational studies of adults. Unaccounted for confounding is a risk when attempting to make causal inference from observational studies. Limited research has examined how feasible it is that unmeasured confounding may explain associations between UPF consumption and weight gain in observational research. Methods We introduce the E value to obesity researchers. The E value is defined as the minimum hypothetical strength of association that one or more unaccounted for confounding variables would need to have with an exposure (UPF consumption) and outcome (weight gain) to explain the association between the exposure and outcome of interest. We meta-analysed prospective studies on the association between UPF consumption and weight gain in adults to provide an effect estimation. Next, we applied the E value approach to this effect estimate and illustrated the potential role that unmeasured or hypothetical residual confounding variables could theoretically have in explaining associations. Results Higher consumption of UPFs was associated with increased weight gain in meta-analysis (RR = 1.14). The corresponding E value = 1.55, indicating that unaccounted for confounding variables with small-to-moderate sized associations with UPF consumption and weight gain (e.g., depressive symptoms, trait overeating tendencies, access to healthy and nutritious food) could individually or collectively hypothetically account for observed associations between UPF consumption and weight gain. Conclusions Unaccounted for confounding could plausibly explain the prospective association between UPF consumption and weight gain in adults. High quality observational research controlling for potential confounders and evidence from study types devoid of confounding are now needed.

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Section: Potential Unmeasured Confoundingmentioning

confidence: 83%

Causality or confounding? Applying E values to examine associations between ultra-processed food consumption and risk of weight gain

Robinson,

Jones

2024

Int J Obes

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“…However, this association changes when food insecurity is taken into consideration. Chiong and Figueroa also found that parents with a higher level of education are more likely to explore advertised food products, which increases their children’s consumption of these products [ 25 ]. This implies that several risk factors associated with advertised food and beverage consumption contribute to health issues among children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perception and Impact of Food and Beverage Marketing on Children’s Eating Behaviors and Associated Health Issues

Agarwal,

Esmaeel,

Alrawili

et al. 2024

Cureus

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Background and objective: Children are more susceptible to food and beverage marketing than adults, but little is known about the specific effects of marketing through the media most used by children. This study aims to discover variables that can help inform childhood obesity prevention strategies. Our findings indicate an association between food advertisements and children's consumption, evidencing a need for the concerned authorities to create strict guidelines that consider the nutritional value of advertised foods.This study aims to study the attitudes and practices of children related to their preference for unhealthy meals due to food marketing and their association with childhood obesity.Methodology: A cross-sectional study of randomly selected guardians of children who were screened for obesity. A structured questionnaire was given to the children's parents.Results: The study found that most of the participants' children prefer fast food (291, 78.0%), eat healthy meals (287, 76.9%), and eat fruits and vegetables every day (198, 53.1%). Furthermore, most participants (340, 91.2%) indicated that they were aware of unhealthy diets, and 105 (28.2%) said their children were overweight. Most participants (326, 87.4%) also indicated that watching television (TV) was associated with eating high-calorie foods.Conclusions: There is strong evidence that children exposed to food marketing develop attitudes about and choose unlimited healthy food and unhealthy foods, which negatively impacts their health. It is recommended that future research employs a wide range of methodologies to study contemporaneous marketing strategies.

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“…All studies controlled for SES indicators, but not access to healthy nutritious food or food insecurity specifically. Food insecurity is associated with higher UPF consumption (24) and a recent epidemiological survey study estimates participants with the highest UPF consumption have a 60% higher prevalence of food insecurity (RR = 1.60)(25). Food insecurity is associated with elevated obesity risk in meta-analysis (OR = 1.53 ∼ RR 1.42) (26) and effects appear similar when examined prospectively (27).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Causality or confounding? Applying E values to examine associations between ultra-processed food consumption and weight gain

Robinson,

Jones

2024

Preprint

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Background: Ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption is associated prospectively with weight gain and obesity in observational studies of adults. Unaccounted for confounding is a risk when attempting to make causal inference from observational studies. Limited research has examined how feasible it is that unmeasured confounding may explain associations between UPF consumption and weight gain in observational research Methods: We introduce the E value to obesity researchers. The E value is defined as the minimum strength of association that one or more unaccounted for confounding variables would need to have with an exposure (UPF consumption) and outcome (e.g., weight gain) to explain the association between the exposure and outcome of interest. We meta-analysed prospective studies on the association between UPF consumption and weight gain in adults. Next, we applied the E value approach and illustrated the potential role that unmeasured or hypothetical residual confounding variables could have in explaining associations. Results: Higher consumption of UPFs was associated with increased weight gain in meta-analysis (RR=1.14). The corresponding E value = 1.55, indicating that unaccounted for confounding variables with small-to-moderate sized associations with UPF consumption and weight gain (e.g., depressive symptoms, trait overeating tendencies, access to healthy and nutritious food) could individually or collectively account for observed associations between UPF consumption and weight gain. Conclusions: Unaccounted for confounding could plausibly explain the prospective association between UPF consumption and weight gain in adults. High quality observational research controlling for potential confounders and evidence from study types devoid of confounding are now needed.

show abstract

Food Insecurity and the Association between Perceptions and Trust of Food Advertisements and Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods among U.S. Parents and Adolescents

Cited by 4 publications

References 48 publications

Causality or confounding? Applying E values to examine associations between ultra-processed food consumption and risk of weight gain

Causality or confounding? Applying E values to examine associations between ultra-processed food consumption and risk of weight gain

Perception and Impact of Food and Beverage Marketing on Children’s Eating Behaviors and Associated Health Issues

Causality or confounding? Applying E values to examine associations between ultra-processed food consumption and weight gain

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