Food insecurity among people who inject drugs in Los Angeles and San Francisco

Schmitz, Jane; Kral, Alex H.; Chu, Daniel; Wenger, Lynn; Bluthenthal, Ricky N.

doi:10.1017/s1368980016000306

Cited by 21 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Numerous population-based studies in the United States and Canada have demonstrated cross-sectional associations between FI and the use of crack [7], methamphetamine [8] and other illicit substances [9–14]. Consistently high rates of FI and/or malnutrition have also been reported in studies of people who use illicit substances [15–18], injected drugs [19–24] and crack [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Longitudinal associations between food insecurity and substance use in a cohort of women with or at risk for HIV in the United States

et al. 2018

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of these studies have assumed that substance use contributes to FI, either by draining material resources [7,9,14,19,20,22,24,26] or by imposing a chaotic, marginalized life-style upon users [7,16,18,22,26,27]. Few studies, however, have considered that FI may also act as a structural driver of substance use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal associations between food insecurity and substance use in a cohort of women with or at risk for HIV in the United States

et al. 2018

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“…Several authors stress the need for more studies, and suggest multi-body site sampling [9, 21]. Perineal colonization with S. aureus was first described in the 1950s [34], but recent studies are sparse and the clinical importance of perineal carriage in relation to nasal carriage is still unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Perineal and Overall Frequency of Staphylococcus aureus in People Who Inject Drugs, Compared to Non-Injectors

et al. 2016

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To investigate the prevalence, distribution, and colonization burden of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and MRSA in different body sites among people who inject drugs (PWID) and compare it to a control group consisting of non-injectors. In this cross-sectional survey, 49 active PWID from the needle exchange program (NEP) in Malmö, Sweden, and 60 non-injecting controls from an emergency psychiatric inpatient ward at Malmö Addiction Centre were tested for S. aureus (including MRSA) by culture, PCR, and MALDI-TOF. Samples were taken from anterior nares, throat, perineum, and skin lesions if present. Sixty-seven percent of the PWID were colonized with S. aureus, compared to 50% of the controls (P = 0.08). Perineal carriage was significantly more frequent among PWID than in the control group [37 vs 17%, OR 2.96 (95% CI 1.13–7.75), P = 0.03], also after adjusting for sex and age in multivariate analysis [OR 4.01 (95% CI 1.34–12.03)]. Only one individual in the whole cohort (NEP participant) tested positive for MRSA. PWID may be more frequently colonized with S. aureus in the perineum than non-injection drug users, and there was a trend indicating more frequent overall S. aureus colonization in PWID, as well as higher perineal colonization burden. No indication of a high MRSA prevalence among PWID in Sweden was noted. However, further MRSA prevalence studies among PWID are needed. Knowledge about S. aureus colonization is important for the prevention of S. aureus infections with high morbidity in PWID.

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“…[ 19 , 20 , 39 – 42 ] In homeless populations in resource-rich countries like the US, the reported prevalence of food insecurity ranged from 49–94%. [ 19 , 20 ] For people who inject drugs, the prevalence of food insecurity has been reported in the range of 58–71%;[ 41 , 43 ] for illicit non-injection drug use, the prevalence is 34–36%. [ 42 , 44 ]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food acquisition methods and correlates of food insecurity in adults on probation in Rhode Island

et al. 2018

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BackgroundIndividuals under community corrections supervision may be at increased risk for food insecurity because they face challenges similar to other marginalized populations, such as people experiencing housing instability or substance users. The prevalence of food insecurity and its correlates have not been studied in the community corrections population.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study in 2016, surveying 304 probationers in Rhode Island to estimate the prevalence of food insecurity, identify food acquisition methods, and determine characteristics of groups most at-risk for food insecurity. We used chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests to assess differences in sociodemographics and eating and food acquisition patterns, GIS to examine geospatial differences, and ordinal logistic regression to identify independent correlates across the four levels of food security.ResultsNearly three-quarters (70.4%) of the participants experienced food insecurity, with almost half (48.0%) having very low food security. This is substantially higher than the general population within the state of Rhode Island, which reported a prevalence of 12.8% food insecurity with 6.1% very low food security in 2016. Participants with very low food security most often acquired lunch foods from convenience stores (and less likely from grocery stores) compared to the other three levels of food security. Participants did not differ significantly with regards to places for food acquisition related to breakfast or dinner meals based upon food security status. In adjusted models, being homeless (AOR 2.34, 95% CI: 1.31, 4.18) and depressed (AOR 3.12, 95% CI: 1.98, 4.91) were independently associated with a greater odds of being in a food insecure group. Compared to having help with meals none of the time, participants who reported having meal help all of the time (AOR 0.28, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.64), most of the time (AOR 0.31, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.61), and some of the time (AOR 0.54, 95% CI: 0.29, 0.98) had a lower odds of being in a food insecure group. Food insecure participants resided in different neighborhoods than food secure participants. The highest density of food insecure participants resided in census tracts with the lowest median incomes for the general population. The areas of highest density for each level of food security for our participants were in the census tracts with the lowest levels of full-time employment for the general population.ConclusionsThe prevalence of food insecurity and very low food security were markedly higher in our probation population compared to the general RI population. These findings suggest that access to food on a regular basis is a challenge for adults on probation. Depression and being homeless were independently associated with a greater odds of being in a food insecure group. In addition to intervening directly on food insecurity, developing interventions and policies that address the contributing factors of food insecurity, such as safe housing and treatment for depression, are critical.

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Food insecurity among people who inject drugs in Los Angeles and San Francisco

Cited by 21 publications

References 35 publications

Longitudinal associations between food insecurity and substance use in a cohort of women with or at risk for HIV in the United States

Longitudinal associations between food insecurity and substance use in a cohort of women with or at risk for HIV in the United States

High Perineal and Overall Frequency of Staphylococcus aureus in People Who Inject Drugs, Compared to Non-Injectors

Food acquisition methods and correlates of food insecurity in adults on probation in Rhode Island

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