Food-energy-water nexus of different cacao production systems from a LCA approach

Synthesis of high surface area mesoporous ZnCl2–activated cocoa (Theobroma cacao L) leaves biochar derived via pyrolysis for crystal violet dye removal

“…It is one of the main products exported by some developing countries like Nigeria to earn foreign currency [ 22 ]. Cocoa cultivations are encouraged in these countries because of the low initial capital investment and well-established traditional plant protection approach [ 28 ]. During the dry season, cocoa tree sheds off many of its leaves to conserve available water through reduction the in rate of transpiration [ 5 ].…”

Water–Energy–Food Nexus and Life Cycle Thinking: A New Approach to Environmental and Nutritional Assessment of Potato Chips

“…Laso et al [ 71 ] modified the main aspects considered in the nexus to accommodate other issues deemed relevant, such as climate change. On the other hand, Armengot et al [ 23 ] complemented the WEF issue analysis through the evaluation of 10 additional indicators, enabling an understanding of the complex links between these three fundamental pillars and other environmental problems. In this context, future projects could be based on this point, turning the methodology applied in this work into a more complex one, as illustrated in Figure 9 , thus obtaining a broader vision not only of this production system, but of any food product.…”

“…Some authors applied this instrument to calculate the carbon footprint of Czech [ 18 ] and homemade potato chips [ 8 ], as well as the environmental impact by means of several indicators of some processed potato and tomato products [ 19 ], or only raw potatoes [ 20 ]. On the other hand, a number of studies have been published involving the application of the LCA methodology with a WEF nexus approach, mainly focused on food production, including general food production scenarios [ 21 ], or specific products, such as snacks and cereals [ 22 ], or cacao [ 23 ], as well as energy and fuel production and utilization, such as bioethanol [ 24 ] or biogas [ 25 ]. On the other hand, in light of the growing concern for food security, it is imperative to introduce tools and indicators considering the nutritional value of food that guarantees personal wellbeing and allows the promotion of healthy dietary patterns.…”

Spatio-Temporal Evolution Measurement and Obstacle Factors of the Vulnerability of Water-Energy-Food-Ecology Nexus in the Yangtze River Economic Belt

“…Subsequently, the water-energy-food nexus attracted attention from all walks of life, and its internal mechanism and application research has gradually become a research hot spot [9]. From the research progress at domestic and foreign, the commonly used research methods mainly include coupling coordination degree model [10], life cycle assessment model [11], computable general equilibrium model [12], system dynamics model [13], climate, land, energy and water resources strategy [14].…”