Food addiction is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes

Horsager, Christina; Bruun, Jens Meldgaard; Færk, Emil; Hagstrøm, Søren; Lauritsen, Marlene Briciet; Østergaard, Søren Dinesen

doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2023.03.014

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In addition, people with metabolic disorders have a higher risk of mortality ( Li et al, 2023 ; Käräjämäki et al, 2022 ). FA is also strongly associated with the presence of type 2 diabetes, according to current data published in the literature ( Lavielle et al, 2023 ; Horsager et al, 2023 ). Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, is also closely related to mental health ( Mukherjee & Chaturvedi, 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…However, the FA group had a statistically significantly higher DBP than those with NFA. The Horsager et al (2023) study showed that there is a strong and intuitively significant positive association between FA and type 2 diabetes. The strength of the positive association between FA and type 2 diabetes was somewhat attenuated after adjustment for BMI, suggesting that BMI/obesity may be the causal factor in the association, but not the only one.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Food addiction and the physical and mental health status of adults with overweight and obesity

Zielińska,

Łuszczki,

Szymańska

et al. 2024

PeerJ

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Background Overweight and obesity now affect more than a third of the world’s population. They are strongly associated with somatic diseases, in particular increasing the risk of many metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, but also with mental disorders. In particular, there is a strong association between obesity and depression. As a result, more attention is paid to the neurobiological, behavioural, and psychological mechanisms involved in eating. One of these is food addiction (FA). Research comparing lifestyle elements, physical and mental health problems of excess body weight and individuals with FA is limited and has focused on younger people, mainly students. There is also a lack of studies that relate actual metabolic parameters to FA. To better understand the problem of FA also in older adults, it is important to understand the specific relationships between these variables. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 172 adults with overweight and obesity (82% female) aged 23–85 years. The mean age of all subjects was M = 59.97 years (SD = 11.93), the mean BMI was M = 32.05 kg/m2 (SD = 4.84), and the mean body fat was M = 39.12% (SD = 6.48). The following questionnaires were used: Food Frequency Questionnaire-6 (FFQ-6), Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), Three Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 (TFEQ-R18), Yale Food Addiction Scale 2. 0 (YFAS 2.0), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). Body composition, anthropometry, fasting glucose, lipid profile, and blood pressure were measured. Results A total of 22.7% of participants with overweight and obesity had symptoms of depression according to the SDS, and 18.6% met the criteria for FA according to YFAS 2.0. FA was statistically significantly more common among people up to 50 years. BMI, body fat mass, diastolic blood pressure and sedentary behaviour were statistically significantly higher in people with FA symptoms. Those who were sedentary for 301–450 min per day were significantly more likely to have depressive symptoms, and those who were sedentary for more than 450 min per day were significantly more likely to have FA symptoms. Conclusions Our findings complement the current literature on FA, particularly in older adults and metabolic parameters, and suggest further research directions. Although our cross-sectional study design does not allow causal interpretations, increasing physical activity appears to be particularly important in the management of people with overweight or obesity and FA. This may be even more important than for people with depression alone, but future research is needed to explore these relationships further.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Food addiction and the physical and mental health status of adults with overweight and obesity

Zielińska,

Łuszczki,

Szymańska

et al. 2024

PeerJ

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“… 8 Food addiction based on the YFAS is also associated with core mechanisms of addiction, such as reward related neural dysfunction, impulsivity, and emotion dysregulation, as well as poorer physical and mental health and lower quality of life. 1 13 14 15 Thus, there is converging and consistent support for the validity and clinical relevance of food addiction; what remains a more open question is the types of foods that are addictive. Despite the uncertainty, classifying foods as addictive could stimulate research and shift attitudes to regulation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Social, clinical, and policy implications of ultra-processed food addiction

Gearhardt,

Bueno,

DiFeliceantonio

et al. 2023

BMJ

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“…The prevalence of FA may be even higher in patients undergoing bariatric surgery (57.8%) [ 30 ]. While strong support for the association between FA and type 2 diabetes has been recently provided [ 31 ], further evidence is required to make definitive conclusions regarding the metabolic-related complications of this disorder [ 24 , 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive hypoglycemia in binge eating disorder, food addiction, and the comorbid phenotype: unravelling the metabolic drive to disordered eating behaviours

Rania,

Caroleo,

Carbone

et al. 2023

J Eat Disord

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Background Impaired metabolic response such as blood glucose fast fluctuations may be hypothesized in binge eating disorder (BED) and food addiction (FA) by virtue of the repetitive consumption of highly processed food. Conversely, rapid changes in plasma glucose (i.e., hypoglycemia) may trigger craving for the same food products. The investigation of early glycemic disturbances in BED and FA could enhance the understanding of the metabolic mechanisms involved in the maintenance of the disorders. Present study investigated hypoglycemia events during a 5-h-long oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in people with BED, FA, and the comorbid phenotype. Further, the association between the severity of eating psychopathology and the variability in hypoglycaemia events was explored. Methods Two-hundred participants with high weight and no diabetes completed the extended OGTT and were screened for BED, FA, BED-FA, or no-BED/FA. The four groups were compared in hypoglycemia events, OGTT-derived measures, and eating psychopathology. The association between predictors (eating psychopathology), confounders (demographics, metabolic features), and the outcomes (hypoglycemia, early/late hypoglycemia, severe hypoglycemia, reactive hypoglycemia) was examined through logistic regression. Results Hypoglycemia in general, and reactive hypoglycemia were highly frequent (79% and 28% of the sample, respectively). Hypoglycemia events (< 70 mg/dL) were equally experienced among groups, whilst severe hypoglycemia (< 54 mg/dL) was more frequent in BED at the late stage of OGTT (5 h; χ2 = 1.120, p = .011). The FA and BED groups exhibited significantly higher number of reactive hypoglycemia (χ2 = 13.898, p = .003), in different times by diagnosis (FA: 210′–240′; BED: at the 270′). FA severity was the only predictor of early and reactive hypoglycemia. Conclusions People with BED or FA are prone to experiencing reactive hypoglycemia; FA severity may predict early and symptomatic hypoglycemia events. This can further reinforce disordered eating behaviours by promoting addictive responses, both biologically and behaviourally. These results inform professionals dealing with eating disorders about the need to refer patients for metabolic evaluation. On the other hand, clinicians dealing with obesity should screen for and address BED and FA in patients seeking care for weight loss.

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Food addiction is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes

Cited by 9 publications

References 16 publications

Food addiction and the physical and mental health status of adults with overweight and obesity

Food addiction and the physical and mental health status of adults with overweight and obesity

Social, clinical, and policy implications of ultra-processed food addiction

Reactive hypoglycemia in binge eating disorder, food addiction, and the comorbid phenotype: unravelling the metabolic drive to disordered eating behaviours

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