Followup of Psychoanalysis Five to Ten Years After Termination: II. Development of the Self-Analytic Function

Kantrowitz, Judy L.; Katz, Ann L.; Paolitto, Frank

doi:10.1177/000306519003800305

Cited by 61 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…1 So, although analysands described more active self-supportive strategies than did former psychotherapy patients, it seems more likely that it is self-analysis rather than self-support that causes posttermination improvement, given the present results. Although in line with findings from two previous studies (Kantrowitz, Katz, and Paolitto 1990;Leuzinger-Bohleber et al 2003), this should be regarded as a mere hypothesis for further study, as we cannot draw firm conclusions about causality or generality from this study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…The other way development may continue, according to Wallerstein, is through self-analysis, but he mentions this only in passing and does not provide any accounts of such cases. In the Boston Study on Outcome of Psychoanalysis, Kantrowitz, Katz, and Paolitto (1990) found that patients who spontaneously described their self-analysis in an elaborate way were among those who also had made new discoveries and adaptations after their analyses. The German Psychoanalytical Association study claims that former analysands had acquired a capacity for selfanalysis, and that this distinguished them from former psychotherapy patients (Leuzinger-Bohleber et al 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Self-Analysis and Post-Termination Improvement After Psychoanalysis and Long-Term Psychotherapy

Falkenström¹,

Grant²,

Broberg³

et al. 2007

J Am Psychoanal Assoc

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Long-term follow-up studies of long-term psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy or psychoanalysis are extremely rare, and few have focused on the post-treatment process itself. In the Stockholm Outcome of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy project, one of the results was that patients in psychoanalysis continued to improve after termination to a higher degree than patients in long-term psychotherapy. In this study 20 patients selected from the project were interviewed on two occasions, one and two years after termination, in order to explore how they described their post-treatment processes. The interviews were studied qualitatively using a multiple case study design, and categories of different types of post-treatment development were created from these case studies. Results indicate that the variation within treatment groups is large, and that development may continue in several ways after termination. The most striking difference between psychoanalysis and psychotherapy was not, as hypothesized, in the self-analytic function, but in various self-supporting strategies described by former analysands but not by former psychotherapy patients. However, only self-analysis was significantly correlated with post-termination improvement across both treatments. Three patients improving after termination and three deteriorating are described in detail as illustrations. Some methodological constraints of the design limit the generalizeability of results.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Analysis and Post-Termination Improvement After Psychoanalysis and Long-Term Psychotherapy

Falkenström¹,

Grant²,

Broberg³

et al. 2007

J Am Psychoanal Assoc

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“…It seems, then, that internal representations soothed the clients, as Geller (1987) and Rosenzweig et al (1996) suggested, reassured them in times of trouble or doubt, and enabled them to make use of the therapy itself. Such positive affective responses echo those suggested by Kantrowitz et al (1990), who stated that clients' improvement and readiness for termination were indicated by their ability to take on the selfregulatory functions once served by the therapist. Given that the clients in this study were in the middle of therapy, one would expect that they were not yet ready to take on such functions (e.g., selfsoothing, regulation of affect, more objective perspective on conflictual issues) solely by themselves; instead, they used their internal representations to serve such purposes in this intermediate, nontermination phase of their therapy.…”

Section: Clients' Affective Response To Internal Representationssupporting

confidence: 60%

Clients' internal representations of their therapists.

Knox¹,

Goldberg²,

Woodhouse³

et al. 1999

Journal of Counseling Psychology

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Thirteen adults in long-term individual psychotherapy were interviewed regarding their internal representations (denned as bringing to awareness the internalized "image") of thentherapists. Results indicated that in the context of a good therapeutic relationship, clients' internal representations combined auditory, visual, and kinesthetic (i.e., felt presence) modalities; were triggered when clients thought about past or future sessions, or when distressed; occurred in diverse locations; and varied in frequency, duration, and intensity. Clients felt positively about their representations and used them to introspect or influence therapy within sessions, beyond sessions, or both. The frequency of, comfort with, and use of clients' internal representations increased over the course of therapy, and the representations benefited the therapy and therapeutic relationship. Therapists tended not to take a deliberate role in creating clients' internal representations, and few clients discussed their internal representations with their therapists.Clients' internal representations of their therapists can be defined as clients bringing to awareness the internalized "image" (occurring in visual, auditory, felt presence, or combined forms) of their therapists when not actually with them in session. In these internal representations, clients have an image of the living presence of their therapist as a person. Despite its apparent significance, the phenomenon of clients' internal representations of their therapists has not received a great deal of attention in the literature.

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“…The other 33 patients either terminated treatment prematurely or failed to make satisfactory progress. The selected group of 30 patients was subjectively judged by the treating clinician (MG) to have made considerable clinical progress, using criteria employed by others to evaluate therapeutic outcome (Bachrach et al, 1985;Kantrowitz, Katz, & Paolitto, 1990;Kernberg et al, 1972;Luborsky et al, 1971;Waldinger & Gunderson, 1984). These included: 1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Initial and Last Manifest Dream Reports of Patients in Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and Combined Psychotherapy/Pharmacotherapy

Glucksman¹,

Kramer²

2012

Psychodynamic Psychiatry

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The initial and last manifest dream reports (MDRs) of 30 patients who had either successfully terminated, or continued to make satisfactory progress at an advanced stage of psychodynamic psychotherapy and combined psychotherapy/pharmacotherapy, were rated according to the following variables: Affect and Affect Valence; Affect Valence of Associations and Direction of Association Themes; Dream Narrative; Psychodynamic Formulation; Transference; and Dream Theme. Similar to previous studies, the initial MDRs contained more negative than positive affect. Conversely, the last MDRs contained more positive than negative affect. Associations to initial MDRs contained more negative affect; on the other hand, associations to last MDRs contained more positive affect. Direction of association themes were more negative in initial MDRs and more positive in last MDRs. Dream narratives were more negative in initial MDRs and more positive in last MDRs. Psychodynamic formulations were more negative in initial MDRs and more positive in last MDRs. Transference was more negative in initial MDRs and more positive in last MDRs. Relational and injury dream themes occurred more frequently than others in both initial and last MDRs. Initial MDRs contained more injury dream themes than last MDRs. The findings of this study demonstrate that there is a correlation between MDR variables and clinical improvement during treatment. The patients in this study were selected by MG, the treating therapist, on the basis of satisfactory progress. The MDRs of patients who failed to progress or did poorly were not discussed in this report. The findings, therefore, must be taken as preliminary and indicate the need for further research on manifest dreams during psychotherapy and combined psychotherapy/pharmacotherapy.

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Followup of Psychoanalysis Five to Ten Years After Termination: II. Development of the Self-Analytic Function

Cited by 61 publications

References 8 publications

Self-Analysis and Post-Termination Improvement After Psychoanalysis and Long-Term Psychotherapy

Self-Analysis and Post-Termination Improvement After Psychoanalysis and Long-Term Psychotherapy

Clients' internal representations of their therapists.

Initial and Last Manifest Dream Reports of Patients in Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and Combined Psychotherapy/Pharmacotherapy

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