Following the Rules: Why Small Groups of Tamarins Do Not Reconcile Conflicts

Schaffner, Colleen M.; Aureli, Filippo; Caine, Nel

doi:10.1159/000083614

Cited by 24 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Indeed, the association level between individuals appears to be related to the security experienced [Kutsukake, 2003], and a long communal history between individuals makes relationships less susceptible to damage [Brosnan et al, 2005]. Secure relationships suffer less Reconciliation and Integrated Hypothesis / 167 damage after conflicts and thus require less repair [Schaffner & Caine, 2000;Schaffner et al, 2005], leading to a low probability of reconciliation [Cords & Aureli, 2000]. Females may thus reconcile less often because of the high security of their relationships.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconciliation, relationship quality, and postconflict anxiety: testing the integrated hypothesis in captive chimpanzees

Koski

Koops

Sterck

2006

American J Primatol

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Reconciliation is a conflict resolution mechanism that is common to many gregarious species with individualized societies. Reconciliation repairs the damaged relationship between the opponents and decreases postconflict (PC) anxiety. The "integrated hypothesis" links the quality of the opponents' relationship to PC anxiety, since it proposes that conflicts among partners with high relationship quality will yield high levels of PC anxiety, which in turn will lead to an increased likelihood of reconciliation. We tested the integrated hypothesis in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in the Arnhem Zoo, The Netherlands. We applied the standard PC/matched control (MC) method. Our results mostly support the integrated hypothesis, in that more valuable and compatible partners (i.e., males and frequent groomers) reconciled more often than less valuable and weakly compatible partners (i.e., females and infrequent groomers). In addition, PC anxiety was higher after conflicts among males than among females. Emotional arousal thus appears to be a mediator facilitating reconciliation. However, in contrast to the predictions derived from the integrated hypothesis, PC anxiety appeared only in aggressees, and not in aggressors, of conflicts. This suggests that while relationship quality determines PC anxiety, it is dependent on the role of the participants in the conflict.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconciliation, relationship quality, and postconflict anxiety: testing the integrated hypothesis in captive chimpanzees

Koski

Koops

Sterck

2006

American J Primatol

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“…We investigated whether conflict disturbed positive interaction between opponents via methods adapted from Schaffner et al (2005). Focusing on conflicts that broke out while the opponents were either sitting or 1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postconflict Affiliation Between Former Opponents in Macaca thibetana on Mt. Huangshan, China

et al. 2006

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We describe basic patterns of postconflict affiliation between former opponents within a group of wild, provisioned Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) on Mt. Huangshan, China. Like most primates studied to date, Tibetan macaques reconciled, i.e., overall they engaged in affiliative interaction with opponents at higher rates immediately after an aggressive conflict than at other times. Probabilities of affiliation were enhanced ≤30 s after the end of hostilities. However when we examined sex partner combinations separately, we found unequivocal evidence for reconciliation only for male-male dyads. Tolerant interaction among other partner combinations apparently was not disrupted after a conflict, presumably obviating the need to reconcile. One aspect of reconciliation among males was consistent with other indications of a despotic dominance style: aggressors initiated a higher proportion of affiliative interactions after a conflict than at other times. Another aspect of reconciliation was more typical of relaxed dominance styles: males used specialized behaviors (embraces and same-sex mounts) disproportionately to reconcile. We also found inconsistent evidence for the valuable relationship hypothesis; probabilities of reconciliation were enhanced for male-male dyads with the closest affiliative relationships, but not for those that displayed the most tolerance or mutual agonistic support. We discuss reconciliation and other aspects of conflict management among males in the 828 Berman, Ionica, Dorner, and Li context of a group with nearly even sex ratios and high male-male mating competition.

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“…That is, given the interdependent nature of their relationships, the cost of having conflict with their reproductive partner or, for cooperative breeders, with social group mates, may be too high to merit reaction over a small amount of inequity, such as created in this experimental paradigm. Such cost-benefit evaluations are seen in other social situations as well; tamarins are among the very few primate species that do not show reconciliation, which is argued to be because a small amount of aggression does not damage their relationships in the same ways as is the case in other species [36]. Aside from providing evidence that the demands of cooperative breeding may have selected for changes beyond increased prosocial behavior, these results also demonstrate the impact of interdependence on non-cooperative breeders who nonetheless show bi-parental care.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different Responses to Reward Comparisons by Three Primate Species

et al. 2013

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BackgroundRecently, much attention has been paid to the role of cooperative breeding in the evolution of behavior. In many measures, cooperative breeders are more prosocial than non-cooperatively breeding species, including being more likely to actively share food. This is hypothesized to be due to selective pressures specific to the interdependency characteristic of cooperatively breeding species. Given the high costs of finding a new mate, it has been proposed that cooperative breeders, unlike primates that cooperate in other contexts, should not respond negatively to unequal outcomes between themselves and their partner. However, in this context such pressures may extend beyond cooperative breeders to other species with pair-bonding and bi-parental care.MethodsHere we test the response of two New World primate species with different parental strategies to unequal outcomes in both individual and social contrast conditions. One species tested was a cooperative breeder (Callithrix spp.) and the second practiced bi-parental care (Aotus spp.). Additionally, to verify our procedure, we tested a third confamilial species that shows no such interdependence but does respond to individual (but not social) contrast (Saimiri spp.). We tested all three genera using an established inequity paradigm in which individuals in a pair took turns to gain rewards that sometimes differed from those of their partners.ConclusionsNone of the three species tested responded negatively to inequitable outcomes in this experimental context. Importantly, the Saimiri spp responded to individual contrast, as in earlier studies, validating our procedure. When these data are considered in relation to previous studies investigating responses to inequity in primates, they indicate that one aspect of cooperative breeding, pair-bonding or bi-parental care, may influence the evolution of these behaviors. These results emphasize the need to study a variety of species to gain insight in to how decision-making may vary across social structures.

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Following the Rules: Why Small Groups of Tamarins Do Not Reconcile Conflicts

Cited by 24 publications

References 22 publications

Reconciliation, relationship quality, and postconflict anxiety: testing the integrated hypothesis in captive chimpanzees

Reconciliation, relationship quality, and postconflict anxiety: testing the integrated hypothesis in captive chimpanzees

Postconflict Affiliation Between Former Opponents in Macaca thibetana on Mt. Huangshan, China

Different Responses to Reward Comparisons by Three Primate Species

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